L. MoscaNNN07 Conf - 2 to 5 Oct NNN07 Conference at Hamamatsu 2 to 5 October 2007 Report on LAGUNA Large Apparatus for Grand Unification and Neutrino Astrophysics Luigi MOSCA (CEA-Saclay and LSM-Fréjus)

L. MoscaNNN07 Conf - 2 to 5 Oct European Cooperation Project LAGUNA (on 3 years) (24 Institutions in 9 countries) Grand Unification Proton Decay up to ≈ years lifetime mainly to study Supernovae (burst + “relics”) the Sun (solar ’ s ) Neutrinos from Cosmic rays (atmospheric ’ s ) the Earth (geo ’ s ) Neutrino properties accelerators (super-beam and beta-beam) and Astrophysics

L. MoscaNNN07 Conf - 2 to 5 Oct 20073

L. MoscaNNN07 Conf - 2 to 5 Oct High-energy accelerators like the LHC or the planned ILC cannot directly answer these fundamental questions about Nature. This was also recognized in the CERN European roadmap for particle physics : “A range of very important non-accelerator experiments take place at the overlap between particle and astroparticle physics exploring otherwise inaccessible phenomena. Council will seek to work with ApPEC to develop a coordinated strategy in these areas of mutual interest.”

L. MoscaNNN07 Conf - 2 to 5 Oct In the LAGUNA Cooperation the main Physics goals are common, while 3 different detection techniques are proposed 3 detector types (GLACIER, LENA, and MEMPHYS), and 6 candidate sites (Boulby, Fréjus, CNGS off-axis, LSC, Pyhäsalmi and Sunlab) There is a strong complementarity among the 3 detector approaches, to be better investigated inside LAGUNA

L. MoscaNNN07 Conf - 2 to 5 Oct An example of complementarity :

L. MoscaNNN07 Conf - 2 to 5 Oct The 3 detectors GLACIER (Liquid Argon TPC) --> André Rubbia talk LENA (Liquid Scintillator) --> Marianne Goeger-Neff talk MEMPHYS (Water Cherenkov) -> Nikolaos Vassilopoulos talk

L. MoscaNNN07 Conf - 2 to 5 Oct 20078

L. MoscaNNN07 Conf - 2 to 5 Oct 20079

L. MoscaNNN07 Conf - 2 to 5 Oct

L. MoscaNNN07 Conf - 2 to 5 Oct

L. MoscaNNN07 Conf - 2 to 5 Oct

L. MoscaNNN07 Conf - 2 to 5 Oct

L. MoscaNNN07 Conf - 2 to 5 Oct The Working Package N°2 (WP2) focuses on the large-scale underground infrastructures needed to host the experiments considered in this LAGUNA proposal (GLACIER, LENA and MEMPHYS) The purpose of the WP2 is in two steps : 1) assess the feasibility of large underground excavations in six potential European sites to host large volume detectors of each target liquid (Liquid Argon, Liquid Scintillator, Water) 2) perform more detailed studies of these large-scale cavities (and of their basic equipment) in the sites where this type of cavities appeared to be feasible. So, the main outcome of the WP2 programme will be a “feasibility document” containing the technical information on the excavation of large laboratories in the considered sites and on their basic equipment

L. MoscaNNN07 Conf - 2 to 5 Oct Sites to be explored during the Design Study NameCountrySite locationHost institute(s)Site type 1) BOULBYUnited KingdomBoulby mineSheffield University Kingdom Mine/salt (potash) or rock 2) FRÉJUSFrance/ItalyFréjus mountainCEA and IN2P3Road tunnel/hard rock 3) CERN CNGS off-axis location ItalyAlong CERN- CNGS neutrino beam Not yet definedSoft rock/shallow depth 4) LSCSpain Pyrenees (Canfranc) MEC/Regional Aragon Governm./ Zaragoza Univ. Tunnels/Soft rock 5) PYHÄSALMI Finland PyhäjärviOulu University Mine / hard rock 6) SUNLABPolandPolkowice Sieroszowice Not yet defined Mine / salt & rock

L. MoscaNNN07 Conf - 2 to 5 Oct Main topics to be addressed in the (pre-)feasibility study for each site and each type of experiment : 1) determination of the best shape for very large cavities and of their maximum possible dimensions (using simulations constrained by the knowledge of the type, structure and stress of the rock) 2) optimisation of the access to these cavities (tunnels, shafts, local bypasses, …) 3) study of the basic equipment and facilities : ventilation and air- filtering and conditioning, liquid transportation and/or production and continuous purification “factories” (in connection with WP3 and WP5), electrical power supply, clean rooms, computing facilities, etc. 4) incorporation of the relevant safety conditions and equipments (for long term stability of the cavities, for fire, liquid leaks and evaporation risks, etc), in connection with WP5. 5) evaluation of the cost and time of realisation of the different parts of each site’s infrastructure (and also maintenance cost)

L. MoscaNNN07 Conf - 2 to 5 Oct Status and perspectives of the 6 sites ……

L. MoscaNNN07 Conf - 2 to 5 Oct ) IUS (Institute for Underground Science) Laboratory at Boulby Mine (Sheffield University) From about 40 years Boulby Mine is a working salt and potash mine in North-East England (Cleveland Potash Ltd (CPL)) Boulby Mine is hosting the present Underground Laboratory Depth : 1100 m (3000 mwe)

L. MoscaNNN07 Conf - 2 to 5 Oct Completed Experiments Dark MatterNaIAD (~ 50kg NaI array detector) ZEPLIN-I(~ 4 kg Liquid Xe scintil. Detector) Running experiments Dark Matter ZEPLIN-II (~ 30 kg Liquid Xe scintil. Detector) DRIFT (Low pressure gaseous TPC)

L. MoscaNNN07 Conf - 2 to 5 Oct The potential for expansion of the Boulby Laboratory is a priori excellent : Excavations in the salt are limited (l=8m, h=5m), but the Mine operator, Cleveland Potash Ltd (CPL), is interested in excavating deeper to exploit the polyhalite ore, where cavities 30m wide and high are potentially feasible. Moreover CPL is strongly supporting this project.

L. MoscaNNN07 Conf - 2 to 5 Oct ) at Fréjus Basic result of the preliminary feasibility study of a Very Large Laboratory In the middle of the Fréjus tunnel at a depth of 4800 m.w.e a preliminary investigation shows the feasibility to excavate up to five shafts of about 250,000 m 3 each

L. MoscaNNN07 Conf - 2 to 5 Oct Summary of the main results of the Preliminary Study by SETEC (French) and STONE (Italian) Companies 1) the best site (rock quality) is found in the middle of the mountain, at a depth of 4800 mwe : a really good chance ! 2) of the two considered shapes : “tunnel” and “shaft”, the “shaft (= well) shape” is strongly preferred 3) Cylindrical shafts are feasible up to : a diameter  = 65 m and a full height h = 80 m (≈ m 3 ) 4) with “egg shape” or “intermediate shape” the volume of the shafts could be still increased 5) The estimated construction cost is ≈ (40+40) M€ X Nb of shafts

L. MoscaNNN07 Conf - 2 to 5 Oct Two examples of scenario for Water Cerenkov detectors (MEMPHYS) a) 3 shafts of m 3 each, with a fiducial mass of 450 Ktons (“UNO-like” scenario) b) 4 shafts of m 3 each, with a fiducial mass of 600 Ktons _____________________________________________________ -> In both scenarios one additional shaft would be necessary for a Liquid Argon (GLACIER) detector of about 100 ktons total mass _______________________________________________________ -> For a Liquid Scintillator of 50 ktons (LENA) a “tunnel-shape” cavity would be needed (  ≈ 35m, L ≈ 120m)

L. MoscaNNN07 Conf - 2 to 5 Oct Design Study for this Fréjus Very Large Laboratory concerning the excavation of 3 to 5 “shafts” of about m 3 each in the central region of the Fréjus Tunnel, the associated equipments and the mechanics of the detector modules : a) precise “in situ” investigation of the rock quality parameters and more detailed analysis b) optimisation of the shafts shape c) optimisation (choice) of the type of local access d) definition of the required equipments : ventilation and air-conditioning, liquid purification “factory”, electric power supply, etc. e) definition of the best solution for the liquid containment and for the photo-detectors support

L. MoscaNNN07 Conf - 2 to 5 Oct A possible schedule for a European Lab. at Frejus Year Safety tunnel Excavation Lab cavity ExcavationPSStudy detector PM R&DPMT production Det.preparation InstallationOutside lab. Non-acc.physics P-decay, SN Superbeam Construction Superbeam betabeam Beta beam Construction decision for cavity digging decision for SPL construction decision for EURISOL site

L. MoscaNNN07 Conf - 2 to 5 Oct See for more details on the Fréjus site studies the talk of Marco RUSSO

L. MoscaNNN07 Conf - 2 to 5 Oct ) The “Green Field” site Possible shallow depth sites will be investigated along the CNGS Neutrino beam (off-axis) This suppose a CNGS beam upgraded with an increased intensity and a re-optimized energy, coupled to a very large mass detector

L. MoscaNNN07 Conf - 2 to 5 Oct

L. MoscaNNN07 Conf - 2 to 5 Oct ) LSC - Laboratorio Subterráneo de Canfranc Central Pyrenees at Canfranc Depth of the Laboratory: 900 m (2450 mwe) Total volume : m 3 (Surface : 1500 m 2 ) Access : Somport road tunnel Rock : Limestone, calcic carbonate and quartz plans MEC/Regional Aragon Government - Zaragoza University

L. MoscaNNN07 Conf - 2 to 5 Oct Purpose of the future Design study : “investigate possible extensions of the laboratory - either near the present one, with a dedicated access via the abandoned train tunnel, - or in the surrounding region”. NB: The geology of the Canfranc site is now rather well known due to the investigations made in view of the road tunnel and of the present (recent) laboratory excavation.

L. MoscaNNN07 Conf - 2 to 5 Oct ) CUPP - Centre for Underground Physics in Pyhäsalmi zinc and copper mine The CUPP project started in 1993, and was physically realized in 2001 The old part of the mine: There will be plenty of free space to host and storage experiments The new mine started to operate in July It extends to the depth of 1440 m (4000 mwe). An example of the layout 238 U27.8 – 44.5 Bq/m Th Bq/m Ra9.9 – 26.0 Bq/m 3 40 K267 – 625 Bq/m 3 Rn10 to 148 Bq/m 3 A preliminary study, including some background measurements and rock analysis, has been made in 2002 for a cavity of 15 x 20 x 100 m 3.

L. MoscaNNN07 Conf - 2 to 5 Oct “The Infrastructure of the Centre for Underground Physics in Pyhäsalmi mine” (November 2003) The mine is owned by the company : Inmet Mining Corporation Distances to major research facilities : DESY 1540 km, RAL 1990 km, CERN 2290 km, Fermilab 6170 km, SLAC 6510 km, KEK 7112 km - Main purposes of the future Design Study : 1) explore the feasibility of cavities of larger dimensions then that considered in 2002, and 2) investigate the integration of such a large complex into the infrastructure and operation of an active mine.

L. MoscaNNN07 Conf - 2 to 5 Oct ) SUNLAB at Sieroszowice Polkowice-Sieroszowice is a copper and salt mine, situated at 70 km NW of Wroclaw, Legnica, Poland, owned by the Company KGHM Polska Miedz. possible location for a future large underground laboratory (70m thick layer of salt at a depth of m)

L. MoscaNNN07 Conf - 2 to 5 Oct One of the existing caverns of (15 x 15 x 100) m 3, at a depth of 950 m, is dedicated to various measurements (radioactivity, movements of the salt,..) The excavation of very large cavities would be a challenge, but preliminary investigations made in 2004/2005 indicate that very large caverns in the salt layer appear potentially feasible. The main scope of the future Design Study is precisely that of clarifying this important point and determine the optimum cavern’s shape. The full feasibility study for SUNLAB will be performed by the KGHM Cuprum company in close collaboration with IGS MiE PAN and the Sieroszowice mine personnel.

L. MoscaNNN07 Conf - 2 to 5 Oct Conclusions and outlook - The LAGUNA proposal is now in principle approved (14 proposals / 54 submitted to FP7) - The negotiation on the amount of the European contribution is under way - The main physics goals are common inside the LAGUNA Cooperation - The LAGUNA physics programme aims at otherwise inaccessible fundamental phenomena - The 3 detector approaches appear complementary, but this needs a deeper investigation - The 6 candidate sites need well coordinated feasibility studies and their basic equipment has to be defined in connection with the 3 proposed detector-types - The relevant safety requirements must be integrated at all levels of this Design Study - LAGUNA is an European cooperation, but it is also open for cooperation with the world community ! Arigato !

L. MoscaNNN07 Conf - 2 to 5 Oct

L. MoscaNNN07 Conf - 2 to 5 Oct The Nongle polyhalite ore is a sulfate potassium ore which was first found in the subsurface in China in the 1980s. Since the polyhalite solves in water under ordinary temperature, a suitable structural environment is needed to preserve a polyhalite ore after the ore was formed. A pervious confining layer is usually necessary to prevent the ore from being percolated, eroded and solved by surface water and groundwater. Hydrogeologic conditions for preservation of the Nongle polyhalite ore include: topography and physiognomy conditions suitable for surface water to drain naturally, a top confining aquiclude which prevents surface water and groundwater from entering the ore, a lack of faults which connect the surface water, groundwater and the ore. Aquifers, if any, must be artesian, and groundwater in the aquifers cannot fill the ore.