Systematic Approaches to Literature Reviewing Dr. Derek Richards derek.richards [at] tcd.ie

Workshop Overview explain elements of the systematic review process explore how these might be used or adapted to support: - a thesis literature review; - approaches to keeping up-to-date with the literature through a PhD

Literature Matters From Holbrook et al (2007) disciplinary perspective connection to findings coverage working understanding critical appraisal scholarliness literature use

Literature Review What is a Systematic Literature Review?

Systematic Reviews A review of a clearly formulated question that uses systematic and explicit methods to identify, select and critically appraise relevant research. S tatistical methods (meta-analysis) may or may not be used to analyse and summarise the results of the included studies. from

Systematic Reviews If they are to be considered a reliable source of research evidence on a specific topic they should record how the primary studies were sought and selected and how they were analysed to produce their conclusions. Readers need to be able to judge whether all of the relevant literature is likely to have been found, and how the quality of studies was assessed.

Key features - the systematic review process invites you to adopt– Explicit and transparent methods A standard set of stages Accountable, replicable and updateable

To summarise … A clearly formulated question The use of systematic and explicit methods A critical appraise of the relevant research

1. Formulating a Problem What is your research question ? - Specific - - Focused - - Clearly formulated - - Well defined -

1. Formulating a Problem What is your research question ? Take a few moments and write down your research question.

1. Formulating a Problem One Example Computer-based psychological treatments for depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Phase 1- Identify the Research a broad but defined, systematic sweep Defined search terms Online self-help treatment for depression, Web-based intervention for depression, Online depression treatments, Computerized (+Computerised) cognitive behaviour therapy for depression, Internet (+delivered) treatment for depression. 2. Locating and selecting studies

Phase 1- Identify the Research a broad but defined, systematic sweep Defined search arena A. Databases, citation indices, reference lists from primary and review articles, grey literature, conference proceedings, research registers, the internet, individual researchers/practitioners A search of three databases (EMBASE, PubMed, and PsychINFO including PsychARTICLES) B. Other broad search limits, e.g. language, date: studies published in English in peer-reviewed journals in the last 10 years (March 2001–March 2011) the authors decided that the years represented a meaningful timeframe in terms of contemporary technologies, advances in multimedia, and broadband developments. 2. Locating and selecting studies

Phase 2- Selection select from research using criteria related to your research question Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria Develop inclusion or exclusion statements, these might relate to study outcomes, research design, methods used, population worked with etc. e.g. studies with a mixed population of men and women, only random control trials, maximum exposure time of 10mins

2. Locating and selecting studies Phase 2- Selection select from research using criteria related to your research question Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria Included studies could be deployed using a variety of different computer-based technologies, synchronously and asynchronously, they could be solely self- administered or therapist-led; or a blended delivery using both. Study participants had to be adults (18+years) with depression (self-report or diagnosis), established using valid and reliable measures, whom may also have had comorbidity, e.g. anxiety or physical health problems. Studies included were published in peer reviewed journals in English in the last 10 years, investigated a computer-based treatment for depression, and included Participants could be from the general population or a clinical group so long as depression was specifically measured. Preliminary research into recent developments in computerized paradigms for depression such as cognitive bias modification (CBM) based interventions were not considered for inclusion

2. Locating and selecting studies TIPS! Document the search protocol and record what research was found Systematically manage the search output, e.g. using endnote

2. Locating and selecting studies

3. Critical appraisal of studies “Assessing the quality of methodology is a critical part of the systematic review process” You will need to make decisions on all aspects of the review and simply justify what you decide, making sure its credible and meets the criteria that it is transparent, replicable and updateable.

3. Critical appraisal of studies “Assessing the quality of methodology is a critical part of the systematic review process”

3. Critical appraisal of studies In field/ discipline Brainstorm the range of research variance that exists that can be used to discriminate between studies and write a review: e.g. in methodological approaches, theoretical stances, or in relation to other factors …

3. Critical appraisal of studies Computer-based psychological treatments for depression: Programs and their content Methodological characteristics Objectives of the studies Recruitment, sample types and sizes Eligibility criteria employed Outcome measures used Support type and communication mode in the studies Outcomes, support types and dropout Satisfaction Limitations

3. Critical appraisal of studies What? When? Who? Where? Why? How? What if? Description Analysis Evaluation So what? What next? Learning Development University of Plymouth Model to Generate Critical Thinking Topic

Other ideas and options Speed reading Endnote Databases in my area Data mining techniques Recording

SR websites Centre for Evidence-based Conservation - Centre for Reviews and Dissemination (medical) - Cochrane Collaboration (international- medical) - EPPI-Centre, Institute of Education - Social Policy and Social Care - If you read one article, an example here of a review of the ways studies in reviews are appraised - If you prefer power-point, how about this one on mixed method reviews odologicalchallenges.ppt odologicalchallenges.ppt

Systematic Reviews “Cochrane Reviews are systematic reviews of primary research in human health care and health policy, and are internationally recognised as the highest standard in evidence-based health care. They investigate the effects of interventions for prevention, treatment and rehabilitation.”

Systematic Reviews Seven steps (of a Cochrane Review) Formulating a problem Locating and selecting studies Critical appraisal of studies Collecting data Analyzing and presenting results Interpreting results Improving and updating reviews