I. Hydrogenation of Alkenes Where two molecules add together and all the atoms of both molecules end up in the product.

II. Addition of hydrogen halides In the addition of HX to an alkene, the H goes to the carbon with more H’s.

III. Addition of halogens

IV. Hydration

Draw the structures of the products in the following reactions.

Where one group exchanges for another group in a molecule.

Elimination reactions take _________ and turn them into __________.

Ethanoic acid reacts with ethanol in the presence of concentrated sulphuric acid as a catalyst to produce the ester, ethyl ethanoate. Produced by a reaction between an _______ and an _________.

The addition of O 2 to a hydrocarbon to produce carbon dioxide and water.

Polymers are giant molecules that are made up of many, many smaller molecules. Building blocks for polymers are called monomers. Examples: plastics, DNA, proteins, rubber etc. Carbon compounds have an unusual ability to form polymers.

Example: ethylene H 2 C=CH 2, can polymerize by opening the C=C bond to form C-C bonds with adjacent ethylene molecules. The result: polyethylene.

monomerpolymer polyethylene polypropylene (“poly”) poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC, “vinyl”) polystyrene

People in China discovered more than 4,500 years ago that they could unravel silk, a polymer, from a worms’ cocoons and weave it into soft fabrics. Incredibly, a single cocoon yields 300 m to 900 m of silk. For centuries, silk was so prized that exporting mulberry seeds or silkworm eggs from China was punished by death.

Turtles and tortoises never stray far from home since they carry it around on their backs. The largest which reach 2.4 m in length and weigh nearly 900 kilograms. Plates made of bone and encased in horn—both constructed of polymers—form the turtle’s tough shell. People once used the hawksbill turtle’s shell to make hair combs and eyeglass frames.

Polystyrene foam can be made into cartons to protect eggs. It insulates, so folks put drinks in foam cups and coolers to keep the warm ones warm and the cold ones cold. Placed behind walls and ceilings in homes, polystyrene foam helps keep the weather outside at bay.

In 1839 Charles Goodyear discovered that latex heated with sulfur—or “vulcanized”—would remain elastic at a wide range of temperatures. The sulfur made bridges between the long chain polymers in rubber to keep them from sliding past one another or contracting into knots. Cars, trucks, and buses have traveled billions of miles on tires made from vulcanized rubber.

Before: Foam cupAfter: Concrete Polystyrene can be clear and hard (compact disk cases). It can also be converted into the compressible material used in foam cups. Recycled polystyrene finds its way into egg cartons, concrete, and insulation.