Jeffrey Vitale Gaspard Vognan Marc Ouattarra Karim Traore Oumar Guigemo Burkina Faso Bollgard II ® Socio-economic Study: Outcomes from 2011 Field Surveys

Burkina Faso: Pioneering Bt Cotton in SSA Africa Source: ISAAA 2011.

Burkina Faso: Pioneering Bt Cotton in Africa What makes the Burkina Faso story unique? – Demonstrates the feasibility of introducing a GM crop in a less developed country – Persistence and determination in an environment often hostile to biotechnology and GM crops – Collaboration among diverse stakeholders, including smallholder producers, private sector, and public sector

Success -> Stagnation Pests, soil degradation, seed quality, land expansion Fertilizer, pesticides, new varieties, animal traction, extension services Initial contact between Burkina Faso & Monsanto

Bollgard II in Burkina Faso: Stagnation Confined Field Trials 2006 Demonstration Plots 2007 On-farm trials 2008Limited Commercial release Large-Scale Commercial release Testing Legal Framework Biosafety Protocols Monitor & Evaluate

Success -> Stagnation Pests, soil degradation, seed quality, land expansion Fertilizer, pesticides, new varieties, animal traction, extension

The Burkina Faso Story: Origins Discontent and frustration with “conventional” pest control management

Conventional Pest Mgmt Conventional pest management is a spray- based regiment with 6 applications 4 sprays target bollworms (caterpillars) early in the season: endosulfans 2 sprays target piercing/sucking (aphids, whiteflies, etc.) later in the season: pyrethroids This management approach is termed “conventional cotton”.

The Burkina Faso Story: Origins Discontent and frustration with conventional pest methods: – Pest resistance to pyrethroids- return to endosulfans – Health risks and problems – More intensive use of pesticides → rising costs – Ineffective applications (wash-off, timing) – Crop damage and yield losses – Build-up of pest density from long-term cotton production

The Burkina Faso Story: Origins Discontent and frustration with conventional pest methods – Pest resistance to pyrethroids- return to endosulfans – Health risks and problems

Health and Environmental Concerns Environmental and health concerns, particularly the use of endosulfans. – Reports of illness and even death – Children often at risk

Pest Damage Cotton yield losses due to insect pest damage on conventional cotton range between 15% to 35% throughout West Africa, creating economic losses between $18 and $40 million in Burkina Faso Cotton Boll damage

Bollgard II in Burkina Faso Stagnation Confined Field Trials 2006 Demonstration Plots 2007 On-farm trials 2008Limited Commercial release Large-Scale Commercial release Initial contacts + all of the political capital required to legalize the testing of Bt cotton. Biosafety protocols Business model Legal frameworks Technical capacity

Bollgard II in Burkina Faso Stagnation Confined Field Trials 2006 Demonstration Plots 2007 On-farm trials 2008Limited Commercial release Large-Scale Commercial release Initial contacts + all of the legal frameworks that were established.

Testing & Evaluation:

Bollgard II in Burkina Faso Stagnation Confined Field Trials 2006 Demonstration Plots 2007 On-farm Trials 2008Limited Commercial Release Large-Scale Commercial Release

Burkina Faso: Commercial Use of Bt Cotton

Purpose Report findings from 2011 field surveys of 548 cotton producers conducted in Burkina Faso Measure the economic impacts of Bollgard II on: – Production cost – Yield – Profit – Size and distribution of benefits among stakeholders Assess impacts of pesticide use on human health – Poisoning incidents – Pesticide handling practices

Analysis & Outcomes from 2011 Field Survey July through December, 2011

Data Analysis Developed ANOVA models of cotton yield using the following equation, its main effects, levels, and interaction terms: BtConventional 012 Manual < 1 ha Small 1 bullock pair Large 2 or more bullock pairs Yield = f(Gene, Farm_Type, Zone, Late Season Sprays) SOFITEX Faso Cotton Socoma

Cotton Zones Po SOFITEX ≈ 80% production SOCOMA ≈ 5% update these numbers using Doulayes numbers production FASO COTTON ≈ 15% production N = 80 households N = 40 households Fada

ANOVA Results

ANOVA Yield Model Results Bt Gene effect BG II Generated Significantly Higher Yields than Conventional Cotton in 2011 Bt gene effect is positive and significant 19.7% Yield Advantage of BG II over Conventional cotton b

Are the Bt Yield Gains Equitable? Can we further explain the yields? Always concerns over the equity so we always investigate potential “bias”. Does the impact vary across farm type? Zone? Late season (secondary) sprays?

ANOVA Yield Model Results Farm Type effect Large Farms Generated Significantly Higher Yields than medium Farms, but no significant difference in BG II yield advantage. Is the average yield increase consistent across farm type? 33% 17% 21%19.7% % diff a abb c c b

ANOVA Yield Model Results Zone effect BG II Generated statistically higher yields in the SOFITEX and SOCOMA regions compared to Faso Cotton but no significant difference in yield advantage. % diff b a a bb c 20%27%19%19.7%

ANOVA Yield Model Results Spray effect from 2009 Bt cotton producers who followed recommended spray generated significantly higher yields than those who sprayed only once or did not spray at all. N=21 N=34 N=44 N=15 a b bc c

ANOVA Yield Model Results Late-season spray effect from 2011 No significant effect of late-season sprays in 2011 unlike 2009, but the second spray is still rational as we will see later. a abb b 21%11%19.7% b

ANOVA Model of Production Costs Costs equal across zone and farm type effects No significant difference in production costs Increase in Seed Cost Largely Offset by Savings in Insecticide Costs $46 ≈ $33 Producer’s capture nearly all of the yield benefits (about 86.8%) No significant increase in risk a a

ANOVA Model of Profit BG II generated significantly higher profit on average across zone and farm type Δ Profit =$95 per haΔ 51.1% increase a b ≈

ANOVA Model of Profit: Farm Type Profit equal across farm Type 105% 41% 50%51.1% a ab b cc b

ANOVA Profit Model: Across Zone BGII generated significantly higher income in each zone b a a bb c 52%55%45%51.1%

ANOVA Model of Profit Profit equal across sprays a ab b b b

Distribution of Benefits

Aggregation of Benefits $66 million

► Socio-Economic Benefits BG II: 2011 Summary Yield component: Significant Impact of Bollgard II and late season sprays Profit component: Significant Impact of Bollgard II and late season sprays Aggregated to National level Burkina Faso: Size & Distribution of Impact 516 K ha => 66 Million $ impact $35 Million (53%) of BG II impact remains on-farm Average cost of producing a pound of cotton lint: Conventional = $/lb BGII = $/lb => Gain is 0.07 $/lb = 15.5% Cotton production labor is intensive (ca 58 days / ha) Return on labor: Conventional 1.84 $/day conventional BGII 3.00 $/day => BGII = 62% of increased gain

Socio-Economic Benefits BG II: Summary %29%20% 20.3%

Socio-Economic Benefits BG II: Summary % 177% 52% 121%

Socio-Economic Benefits BG II: Summary Significant benefits from growing BGII Consistent benefits across all three years Equitable benefits across farm type and zone

► Health Welfare Summary of Findings ► 46% of households self-reported at least one poisoning incident over last 5 years ► 83% related to insecticides ► BGII would reduce cases by ca incidents adding up to $1.29 Million ► BGII would reduce number of pesticide containers by $1.4 million ► 49% of farmers raise health risk as the major reason to adopt BGII

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