Building Sustainability Dr Kerry J Mashford, Chief Executive, National Energy Foundation Improving the use of energy in buildings

Business Climate Society Individuals Why sustainable buildings- who benefits? Dr Kerry J Mashford, MK50 – Sept 2015

The Performance Gap - in theory, theory and practice are the same; in practice they aren’t! Dr Kerry J Mashford, MK50 – Sept 2015

Buildings often don’t perform as expected – Source : Bill Bordass based on data from Better Buildings Partnership Dr Kerry J Mashford, MK50 – Sept 2015

Probe exemplar buildings post occupancy – actual twice as much as design The scale of the problem ( 1) 1 Dr Kerry J Mashford, MK50 – Sept 2015

Carbon Trust studies – (Low Carbon Buildings Accelerator and Low Carbon Buildings Programme) Indicate actual energy use up to 5 times higher than specified The scale of the problem Dr Kerry J Mashford, MK50 – Sept 2015

Innovate UK– Building Performance Evaluation Programme Over 100 new build projects + 3 refurb 49 non-domestic studies, 56 buildings 366 dwellings (developments 3989 dwellings) Completion and early occupation / in-use Energy use typically times predicted Dr Kerry J Mashford, MK50 – Sept 2015

Domestic energy performance gap Dr Kerry J Mashford, MK50 – Sept 2015

Non-domestic energy performance

Performance degradation over time Dr Kerry J Mashford, MK50 – Sept 2015

What if house builders were held to account for the performance of the homes they build? Dr Kerry J Mashford, MK50 – Sept 2015

Expected energy use Save costs, energy and carbon - Improve comfort How does the performance gap arise? Dr Kerry J Mashford, MK50 – Sept 2015

Building Performance Evaluation - measuring and verifying performance Dr Kerry J Mashford, MK50 – Sept 2015

Emerging themes – courtesy Innovate UK Non-standard hours & unregulated loads (TM22) Commissioning – not a single building fully commissioned Sub-meters & reconciliation – not functioning or understood BMS – training, complexity, functionality, commissioning Controls – complexity, operating instructions and labelling Lighting – too much, zoning deficiencies and lack of control Fabric performance – specification and construction HVAC – integration and control of multiple systems Renewables – installation, operation and maintenance Energy strategy not properly implemented Dr Kerry J Mashford, MK50 – Sept 2015

How does the performance gap arise? Successful execution of each stage of building delivery depends on decisions made at earlier stages – we need a whole systems approach So, how can it be solved? Dr Kerry J Mashford, MK50 – Sept 2015

Planning Design Construction Assured Performance Process – to remove/mitigate performance risks Construction Design In-use As-built

Human factors Dr Kerry J Mashford, MK50 – Sept 2015

Sustainability and Occupants Productivity in offices, learning and concentration, recovery rates in hospitals, dwell time in retail etc. can all be impacted by: inherently ‘good’ environments and good interfaces between the buildings and occupants Dr Kerry J Mashford, MK50 – Sept 2015

Early work – late 1990s Contributors to wellbeing Feel - Thermal comfort, physical touch points Sight - Lighting levels, natural light, views Sound – Acoustics, noise Smell, taste - Air quality, drafts Perception – control, tolerance, safety, community Plants, water Colour schemes Proportions, layout Dr Kerry J Mashford, MK50 – Sept 2015

Metrics Indicators Absenteeism Staff turnover Feelings of comfort Reported stress levels Recovery rates Medication levels Pride Self-worth Concentration and learning Dr Kerry J Mashford, MK50 – Sept 2015

BPE programme Building Use Surveys Walkthrough inspections Occupant interviews Review of manuals and guidance Fully automated systems lead to frustration Often don’t work as expected Difficult to adjust Susceptible to failure and its consequences Finely balanced / optimised – little forgiveness Local manual control preferred Dr Kerry J Mashford, MK50 – Sept 2015

Emerging themes 1– courtesy Innovate UK BMS –complexity; functionality; commissioning; training Controls – complexity; operating instructions; labelling HVAC – integration and control of multiple systems Portable devices Dr Kerry J Mashford, MK50 – Sept 2015

Emerging themes 2– courtesy Innovate UK Lighting – too much; zoning deficiencies; poor control Renewables and MVHR – installation; operation and maintenance Energy strategy - not properly implemented, e.g. lead and secondary heating Dr Kerry J Mashford, MK50 – Sept 2015

NEF project experience – occupant behaviour Less ‘community spirit’ in affluent neighbourhoods where residents work long hours Energy literacy varies across all sectors of society Access to open house examples improves action Visual comparators drive home the message Frequent(ish) reinforcement helps sustain Make it easier to do the right thing than the wrong thing – e.g. recycling Dr Kerry J Mashford, MK50 – Sept 2015

Using DECs to support behaviour Promotional device, clear indicator Enhanced when combined with promotional campaign Engagement and culture change Competitions between buildings Live dashboards Simple message easily included in reports and documents Clear indication of use and trends Dr Kerry J Mashford, MK50 – Sept 2015

The issue for Landlords and Tenants No split between Landlord and Tenant DEC shows whole building performance, one DEC. Cannot show improvements (or not) in what each control DECs use one benchmark for all offices, not a good match for many office types Many offices are ‘stuck’ at G, cannot show improvement Dr Kerry J Mashford, MK50 – Sept 2015

DECC study concludes DECs can aid behavioural change, but DECs would benefit from: better differentiated benchmark (not one size fits all offices) and landlords / tenants can’t see their energy use. more granular rating scheme VolDEC addresses these issues buildings/energy-management/voldecs- voluntary-display-energy-certificates buildings/energy-management/voldecs- voluntary-display-energy-certificates DECs and occupant behaviour Dr Kerry J Mashford, MK50 – Sept 2015

Improving the use of energy in buildings