PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RESPIRATION

Energy comes from the food we eat Energy is stored in bonds Living organisms refer to their energy as ATP (energy currency) REVIEW of FOOD, MATTER & ENERGY

Homeostasis Internal stability an organism maintains Two biochemical processes needed for survival –Photosynthesis –Respiration

WHAT IS PHOTOSYNTHESIS? a. Photosynthesis is the most common type of autotrophic (self-feeders) nutrition. –Ex. Autotrophs include plants, algae, flowers, trees b. Photosynthesis occurs in plants. c. During photosynthesis plants are actually making their own food. Animals are heterotrophs During Daylight hours

d. Chloroplasts are the site of photosynthesis. Granum Thylakoid Stroma Outer Membrane Inner Membrane Label diagram

Chloroplasts are green because they absorb red and blue light and reflect green The chloroplasts contain a green pigment (color) called chlorophyll which traps the light energy to make "food". These chlorophyll and colored pigments may be separated according to their various chemical charges by a technique known as chromatography. Fall Colors??? green chlorophyll greatly reduced pigments During the fall, the green chlorophyll pigments are greatly reduced revealing the other pigments. Carotenoids redyellow Carotenoids are pigments that are either red or yellow.

e. Plants are able to convert light energy into chemical bond energy (food) for their own use. CO 2 + H 2 O Sugars + O 2 Chloroplast Light Energy

f. Most of the oxygen in the air comes from photosynthesis. This is the earth’s major source of oxygen. g. The major source of energy is the sun.

ADAPTATIONS FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS a. Leaves are thin and flat so that they can easily absorb light. b. Some plants have a waxy coating (cuticle) to protect them from harm or water loss.

On the underside of the leaf there are many tiny openings called the stomates. The stomates allow the exchange of water vapor, oxygen, and carbon dioxide. These openings are controlled by the guard cells. Exchanges water & gases

the ability of the guard cell to close during periods of limited water availability for the plant allows the plant to maintain water homeostasis and not dehydrate. stomate Closed guard cells during the night Open guard cells during the day Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) and water Oxygen (O 2 ) Stoma OpenStoma Closed LABEL the GUARD CELLS

THE PROCESS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS · Chemical Reaction (chlorophyll & sunlight) Water + carbon dioxide → Glucose + oxygen 6H 2 O + 6 CO 2 → 1 C 6 H 12 O O 2 inorganic raw materials sugar waste product Memorize this equation

a. Light energy absorbed by the chlorophyll is converted to chemical energy (ATP) which is used to make glucose (food/energy source). b. Glucose can be used to make other products such as waxes (lipids) and proteins. c. Oxygen is a waste product of photosynthesis. 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O  1 C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 glucose SUN chlorophyll

Factors Affecting the Rate of Photosynthesis The amounts of CO 2, H 2 O, light, chlorophyll and temperature

Review: EQUATION FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + ENERGY C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 CARBON DIOXIDE WATER GLUCOSE OXYGEN

AEROBIC & ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION I.Cellular Respiration: The release of energy from glucose by cells. a. There is a great deal of energy that is available in a glucose (sugar) molecule. b. This available source of energy (glucose) can not be used by the cells; it must be transferred into a usable form of energy hours/day

c.The process of respiration releases the energy found in glucose into a form that is usable by cells (ATP) to do work. d. Energy is released by the breakdown of chemical bonds in glucose is transferred into high energy bonds of ATP. When the bonds of ATP are broken, energy is released for the cell's use to obtain, transform, and transport materials, and to eliminate wastes Adenine Tri Phosphate

(ATP-ase) water + ATP → ADP + P + Energy  Cells “run” on ATP molecules.  This reaction is reversible and ADP can be converted back to ATP in cellular respiration. Energy Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) + Phosphate Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Partially charged battery Fully charged battery ADP ATP

TYPES OF RESPIRATION (AEROBIC & ANAEROBIC) II. Anaerobic Respiration (food is not broken down completely) a.This type of respiration requires no oxygen to be present and it takes place in the cytoplasm. b. Anaerobic respiration occurs in bacteria cells, yeast cells, and muscle cells. c. It is less efficient than aerobic respiration.

2. Anaerobic Respiration in a Muscle Cell: (lactic acid fermentation) 1.Anaerobic Respiration in a Yeast Cell: (alcohol fermentation) Glucose → 2 ethyl alcohols + 2CO ATP’s Glucose → 2 Lactic Acids + 2 ATP’s Lactic acid is the cause of muscle fatigue used in baking and brewing

a. Takes place in the mitochondria (the powerhouse of the cell) where enzymes are present b. Requires the presence of oxygen. III. Aerobic Respiration (food is broken down completely) the mitochondria

c. This is an enzyme controlled reaction where glucose molecules are broken down into carbon dioxide and water and 36 ATP’s (energy) are produced. d. More efficient than anaerobic respiration because more molecules of glucose are broken. Aerobic Respiration Formula Glucose + Oxygen → Water + carbon dioxide + 36 ATP - or - 1 C 6 H O 2 → 6 H 2 O + 6 CO ATP

EQUATION FOR RESPIRATION C 6 H 12 O 6 + (GLUCOSE) 6O 2 (OXYGEN) 6CO 2 + (CARBON DIOXIDE) 6H 2 O + 36 ATP (WATER) COPY & memorize this equation (ENERGY)

Overview of photosynthesis and respiration PHOTOSYNTHESIS CELLACTIVITIES RESPIRATION SUN RADIANT ENERGY GLUCOSEATP(ENERGY)

COMPARE AND CONTRAST CHART: ( NOTE: the raw materials are the molecules to the left of the arrow ; the products are to the right of the arrow). Memorize these formulas!! CriteriaPhotosynthesisRespiration PurposeStores energyReleases energy Energy sourceSunlightGlucose (sugar) Materials usedCO 2 and H 2 OC 6 H 12 O 6 Materials producedC 6 H 12 O 6 and O 2 ATP, CO 2, and H 2 O Time frameDaylight24 hours/day LocationChloroplastMitochondria ImportanceTo synthesize other molecules and break down glucose to releases energy All cells run on energy released from ATP molecules for organisms to grow, get nutrients and carry on life functions Formula CO 2 + H 2 O + light → C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 → ATP + H 2 O + CO 2

Follow up Questions 1.Where does aerobic respiration take place? 2. Which type of respiration is most efficient? 3. How many ATP’s are "made" during aerobic respiration?

4. What is cellular respiration? 5. Why is cellular respiration important? 6. Name one difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration. 7. How does a plant maintain water balance (homeostasis)? Be sure to use the words stomata and guard cell in your answer.