Plants General characteristics eukaryotes autotrophs, photosynthetic even the insectivorous plants cell wall cellulose not mobile For plants Phylum = Division

Classification based on: Characteristics Vascular tissue Xylem phloem Reproduction Spores Seeds Flowers

Make ATP! Make sugar! I can do it all… And no one even notices! PHOTOSYNTHESIS The “factory” for making energy & sugars chloroplast Fuels sunlight carbon dioxide water The Helpers enzymes Make ATP! Make sugar! I can do it all… And no one even notices! sun CO2 ATP enzymes sugars H2O

Chloroplast Structure THYLAKOID – ONE DISK GRANA GREEN CONTAIN CHLOROPHYLL STROMA SPACE IN BETWEEN GRANA ALL COLORS OF LIGHT ARE ABSORBED EXCEPT GREEN

So what does a plant need? Bring In Light – leaves (top) CO2 – stomata (bottom of leaves) H2O – roots (xylem) Let Out O2 - stomata Move Around Sugars – phloem xylem + phloem = vein leaves shoot roots 6CO2 6H2O C6H12O6 6O2 light energy  +

Plants make more sugars than they can use. use glucose in Respiration convert glucose to sucrose, cellulose, & more to build plant structures store glucose as starch sugars are passed along the food chain sun ATP sugars

Leaf Structure vascular bundle (vein) T xylem (water) phloem (sugar) cuticle epidermis palisades layer Air space spongy layer O2 CO2 epidermis stomate Guard cells cuticle Pores or openings Pair per stomate; open/close stomata CO2 O2 AND H2O

Function of Leaf Structures Cuticle – NOT made of cells waxy coating reduces water loss Epidermis – upper and lower Cell layer protecting leaf tissues Lower contains stomata Palisades layer – top of leaf high concentration of chloroplasts collecting sun’s energy photosynthesis making ATP & sugars Spongy layer – connects to stomata air spaces - gas exchange CO2 in for sugar production, remove waste O2

Vascular Bundle Xylem Phloem carry water up from roots large, hollow, thick cell walls “pipe-like” – hollow/dead “wood” Xylem carry sugars around the plant wherever they are needed new leaves fruit & seeds roots Phloem

Transpiration Water evaporates from the stomates in the leaves pulls water up from roots water molecules stick to each other (polar) – cohesion Stick to sides of xylem - adhesion more water is pulled up through the tree from ground Originally enters by osmosis root hairs provide increased surface area

Stomates & Guard Cells Function of stomates CO2 in O2 out H2O out gets to leaves for photosynthesis Function of guard cells open & close stomates

Guard cells & Homeostasis Homeostasis - keeping the internal environment of the plant balanced Stomates open let CO2 in - needed to make sugar let H2O out (GC’s are swollen - hypotonic) so it gets to leaves – creates a “pull” let O2 out - get rid of waste product Stomates close if too much H2O evaporating (GC’s are wilted – hypertonic) ONLY close to conserve water!!!!!!! Cannot stay closed permanently – plant will starve

organic molecules food consumers, heterotrophs release chemical energy sun Another view… capture light energy Photosynthesis synthesis producers, autotrophs H2O CO2 organic molecules food O2 waste waste waste consumers, heterotrophs digestion Cellular Respiration ATP release chemical energy