UNDERSTANDING THE MAIN CONCEPTS FOR THE UPCOMING TEST

Organelle Function Location Chloroplasts Produces food energy from light cytoplasm (plant cells) vacuole Storage area for water and waste cytoplasm mitochondria powersource cyctoplasm Nucleus Brain of the CellInside the nuclear membrane lysosome cleans up cell and organelles cytoplasm Cell Wall Located outside of the plant cell Ribosome Makes proteins for the cell cytoplasm

 All living things composed of Cells  Cell is the base unit of all life functions and structure  All Cells come from other cells  Can’t explain where first cell came from  Can’t explain viruses

Prokaryote VERY SMALL Size Eukaryote Larger Cell BACTERIA/ SINGLE CELL lifeforms FUNGI, PROTIST, ANIMALS SINGLED CELL AND MULTI CELLULAR None organelles yes Yes capsule None Yes Cell wall Plant Cells Only

 Sunlight releases Photons  Photons “captured” by chloroplasts  Water taken in by roots of plant  Carbon Dioxide taken in by leaf  Energy releases electron  Electron breaks apart water releasing oxygen  Energy then used to combine Hydrogen with Carbon Dioxide to create Glucose. (Calvin Cycle)  6CO 2 + 6H 2 O  C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2

 Cell takes in Glucose and Oxygen  Mitochondria “convert” glucose into USABLE energy form  Carbon Dioxide and Water are created as waste products  Energy needed to sustain life:  70% = organ function  10%= digestion of food  20% = used in activity or stored as fat  Formula  C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2  6CO H 2 O

 Movement of water across a cell membrane  Moves from high concentration to low concentration  REQUIRES NO ENERGY; PASSIVE TRANSPORT

 Movement of gas across a cell membrane  Gases moves from high concentration to low concentration  PASSIVE TRANSPORT; NO ENERGY REQUIRED  Example: Balloon deflating over time

 3 Cell Stages  G1: Cell grows, organelles double  S : DNA is replicated inside nucleus  G2: Mitosis: NORMAL CELL FUNCTION STOPS  Interphase (G2)  Prophase- nucleus disappears; chromosomes appear  Metaphase- chromosomes line up in middle  Anaphase- chromosomes split apart  Telophase- cytokinesis begins, nucleus reforms, chromosomes disappear  Interphase (G1) normal cell function begins

 3 basic food molecules  Carbohydrates- sugars, plant products and quick energy providers for animals  Proteins- amino acids used to promote tissue growth and repair: meats, eggs, beans  Oils/Fats- storage of excess energy (oil liquid form, fat solid form)

 Carbohydrates- give you a quick energy boost  Excess Carbohydrates turned into fat  Proteins- longer to digest, makes you feel full longer  Fats- easily stored away as fat, overides body’s sense of being full making you crave more.