All living things are composed of cells Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things New cells come from other cells

Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes

Prokaryotes… Do not contain a nucleusDo not contain a nucleus Are smaller and simplerAre smaller and simpler Carry out every activity associated with living thingsCarry out every activity associated with living things Like bacteria!Like bacteria!

Which one am I ???

Eukaryotes Usually larger and more complexUsually larger and more complex Highly specializedHighly specialized Genetic material is separated from the rest of the cell in a nucleusGenetic material is separated from the rest of the cell in a nucleus Can be a single cell or multicellular organismCan be a single cell or multicellular organism

Examples

Eukaryotic cell structure Made up of organelles or “little organs”Made up of organelles or “little organs” Divided into 2 parts: nucleus & cytoplasmDivided into 2 parts: nucleus & cytoplasm Cytoplasm is outside the nucleusCytoplasm is outside the nucleus

Nucleolus Where ribosomes are made

Ribosomes Are made of RNA and proteinAre made of RNA and protein Assemble proteinsAssemble proteins Protein assembly instruction comes from the nucleusProtein assembly instruction comes from the nucleus Cells active in protein synthesis have many ribosomesCells active in protein synthesis have many ribosomes

Endoplasmic reticulum Makes and exports proteins and lipids Rough ER makes proteins, so its covered in ribosomes! Smooth ER makes enzymes

Golgi Apparatus

Lysosomes Clean up crew, remove junk!Clean up crew, remove junk! Digest or break down lipids, carbohydrates, proteins and old organellesDigest or break down lipids, carbohydrates, proteins and old organelles Filled with enzymesFilled with enzymes

Converts food into compounds the cell uses Mitochondria are from the egg cell, so thank your MOM!

Chloroplasts Found in plant cellsFound in plant cells Capture energy from the sun and convert it into chemical energy… PhotosynthesisCapture energy from the sun and convert it into chemical energy… Photosynthesis

Cilia & Flagella

Cell Boundaries All cells are surrounded by a thin, flexible membrane Plant cells also have a cell wall surrounding the membrane

Cell Membrane Regulates what comes in & out of the cellRegulates what comes in & out of the cell Provides structure and supportProvides structure and support Made of a lipid bilayer which provides a strong flexible barrierMade of a lipid bilayer which provides a strong flexible barrier

The lipid bilayer has carbohydrates AND proteins embedded within!

Located outside cell membrane in plant, algae, fungi and prokaryotic cells Usually made of carbs & proteinUsually made of carbs & protein Plant cell walls are made of cellulosePlant cell walls are made of cellulose Provides protection and supportProvides protection and support What am I???

When particles move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration Equilibrium occurs when the concentration of solute (particles) is the same throughout

The Dye = Solute Water= Solvent

Water passes easily across membranesWater passes easily across membranes Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

Isotonic

Facilitated Diffusion Certain molecules can pass through cell membranes with help from protein friends

Active Transport Sometimes cells must move materials in the direction opposite diffusion Sometimes cells must move materials in the direction opposite diffusion This requires energyThis requires energy Transport proteins or “pumps” help this happenTransport proteins or “pumps” help this happen

Chemical Energy & ATP Adenosine triphosphate helps cells store & release energy

8-2 Photosynthesis: An Overview Plants use energy from the sun to convert water and carbon dioxide into carbohydrates (sugars & starches) and release oxygen as a waste product

PHOTOSYNTHESIS Equation

NO PANICKING!!!

In addition to water and carbon dioxide, photosynthesis requires light and chlorophyll, a pigment found in chloroplasts

What happens to all that glucose that was made in photosynthesis?

Serves as a source of raw material for cells to make new molecules Provides ENERGY

Cellular Respiration A process that releases energy by breaking down glucose & other food molecules with oxygen present

You go to work to make money! Then you save the $$ for your future! Remembe r me?? I’m ATP!

Anaerobic Cellular Respiration Pyruvic acid doesn’t enter the mitochondria when oxygen isn’t presentPyruvic acid doesn’t enter the mitochondria when oxygen isn’t present Instead, fermentation occurs in the cytoplasmInstead, fermentation occurs in the cytoplasm There are 2 types:There are 2 types: 1) Alcoholic 2) Lactic Acid