GRAMMAR REVIEW Appositives Clauses Verbals

Appositives An appositive is a noun that renames another noun. Jojo, the crazy monkey, likes to eat the bananas Mrs. Bell gives her. 1 st Noun2 nd Noun - APPOSITIVE

Appositives Lulu, the teacher ’ s pet, always makes good grades. –“ pet ” renames “ Lulu ” Mrs. Wallace does not like, her next-door neighbor ’ s dog, Sandy. –“ Sandy ” renames “ dog ” The novel, his greatest work of all time, is on the bestseller list. –“ work ” renames “ novel ”

Appositives Don’t confuse Appositives with Predicate Nominatives. LINKING VERB = PN –Example: Henry is a student. Even though “ student ” is the second noun in the sentence, it is not an appositive because “ is ” is a linking verb.

The Difference Between Clauses and Verbals… A CLAUSE has a subject and a verb. A VERBAL does not. It is just a phrase.

Clauses Adverb Noun Adjective

Clauses A clause contains a subject and a verb. –Examples: He ran, I talked, Why they jaywalked, Before she attacked

Noun Clauses act as subjects, predicate nominatives, direct objects, and objects of prepositions

Noun Clauses There are three kinds of subordinate clauses, and one of them is the noun clause. The noun clause can be used in a sentence four ways – as a subject, direct object, predicate nominative, or object of a preposition.

Noun Clauses Noun Clause as Subject –Whatever I ate made my stomach queasy.

Noun Clauses Noun Clause as Direct Object –The dog chased whoever had stolen his bone.

Noun Clause Noun Clause as Predicate Nominative –You are whoever you want to be. ** This is a PREDICATE NOMINATIVE and not an APPOSITIVE because of the linking verb “are.” **

Noun Clause Noun Clause as Object of a Preposition –The creepy clown was hiding behind whoever entered the room last.

Adjective Clauses modify nouns

That The books that are on the table are very heavy. –“ That are on the table ” describes the books. The cookie that I ate had chocolate chunks in it. –“ That I ate ” describes the cookie.

Who The girl who likes baking brings cookies for everyone on Valentine ’ s Day. –“ Who likes baking ” describes the girl. The boy who makes me laugh says a lot of strange things. –“ Who makes me laugh ” describes the boy.

Which London, which is a busy city, has over seven million residents. –“ Which is a busy city ” describes London. My sixth period class, which is taught by Ms. Butz, is English III. –“ Which is taught by Ms. Butz ” describes the sixth period class.

When do I use commas? Restrictive clauses – do NOT need commas –The dog that ate my homework was a beagle. “ That ate my homework ” narrows down which dog you are talking about. –Americans who vote are good citizens. Americans is proper and plural, but in this sentence, you are not talking about all Americans.

When do I use commas? (cont.) Non-restrictive clauses – DO need commas –Paris, which is in France, is a beautiful city. Almost all adjective clauses describing a proper noun must be surrounded by commas. –My ultimate dream, which is to climb Mount Everest, has not yet been fulfilled. This dream has already been specified as the “ ultimate dream ” ; therefore, “ which is to climb Mount Everest ” further describes the dream.

Adverb Clauses modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs

Adverbial Clauses An adverbial clause is a clause that functions as an adverb (modifies a verb). Answers the questions HOW, WHEN, WHERE, UNDER WHAT CONDITION, TO WHAT EXTENT, WHY, etc.

Examples of Adverbial Clauses Until I stopped, Before the teacher understood, When the presentation ended, etc. (answer the question WHEN) Because he died, Since Pedro was tired, etc. (answer the question WHY) Where the Red Fern Grows, Wherever life takes you, etc. (answer the question WHERE)

Verbals Participles Gerunds Infinitives

Participles serve as adjectives suffixes: –en –ed –ing

Participles Verbals ending in – ING (or – ED/ – EN) Function as ADJECTIVES (modify a noun). Examples: – The snoozing student –“ Sleeping Beauty ” – The frozen steak

Participial PHRASES Participial phrase: Participle + other words related to the participle –The PowerPoint educating the students –The miserable castaway eating his own flesh –Huck, accompanying Jim on the journey, faces a great internal conflict.

Gerunds serve as nouns suffix: –ing

Gerunds Gerunds are a form of a verb ending in “– ing ” and functioning as a noun. –Ex: Swimming is a sport. A gerund can be used in a sentence as a predicate nominative, a subject, a direct object, and the object of a preposition.

Gerunds Gerund as a Predicate Nominative The second round of Fear Factor is eating cow ’ s eyes.

Gerunds Gerund as Subject Doing my homework takes forever!

Gerunds Gerund as Direct Object She loves throwing huge fireballs.

Gerunds Gerund as Object of the Preposition Everyone knows that Edward Cullen sparkles after seeing the sun.

Infinitives to + verb

Don ’ t Be Confused. DO NOT confuse infinitive phrases with prepositional ones. Infinitive phrases: to + verb + object of the infinitive (noun) Prepositional phrases: to + noun (location, person, etc) Ex. Go to the market. – prepositional phrase Go to have fun. – infinitive phrase

Infinitives Used as Adverbs I studied to pass Mr. Sager ’ s exam. –Why did I study? I studied so that I would pass Mr. Sager ’ s exam. “ To pass ” describes “ study. ” Save the cheerleader to save the world. –Why do you need to save the cheerleader? You need to save her to save the world.

Infinitives Used as Adjectives The recipe to make brownies is on the first page. –Which recipe is on the first page? It is the recipe to make to make brownies. There are many ways to give back to your community. –“ To give back ” describes “ ways. ” “ To your community ” is a prepositional phrase.

Infinitives Used as Appositives My hobby, to draw, is fun. –“ To draw ” identifies which hobby is fun. Her dream, to sing in an opera, is unrealistic. –“ To sing in an opera ” identifies which dream of hers is unrealistic.

Infinitives Used as Nouns To succeed in Calculus BC is my goal. –What is my goal? It is to succeed in Calculus BC. “ To succeed ” is the subject. Joy and I like to sing. –"To sing" is the direct object. It answers the question, “ What do Joy and I like to do? ”

Introductory Infinitive Phrases To prepare for the in-class essay, Emily took notes on the themes in the novel as she read. To study for the vocabulary quiz, Robin made flashcards. To raise her participation grade, Lienna made as many comments as she could.