Casualties of World War I Great Britain: 947, 000 dead; 2,122,000 wounded France: 1,385,000 dead; 3,044,000 wounded Russia: 1,700,000 dead; 4,950,000 wounded Italy: 460,000 dead; 947,000 wounded US: 115,000 dead; 206,000 wounded Germany: 1,808,000 dead; 4,247,000 wounded Austrio-Hungarian Empire: 1,200,000 dead; 3,620,000 wounded Ottoman Empire: 325,000 dead; 400,000 wounded

Versailles Treaty Really five separate treaties but can think of them as Versailles Treaty Two approaches: –Woodrow Wilson –Georges Clemenceau (French Premier)

Woodrow Wilson’s Approach Fourteen Points –Guide to future peace –Open covenants of peace; openly arrived at –National Self- Determination –League of Nations

Georges Clemenceau’s Approach Punish Germany –Blamed Germany for the war –Disarm Germany –Demilitarize the Rhineland –Create buffer states in Eastern Europe –Make Germany pay for the war (“war reparations”)

Results of the Versailles Conference Wilson got the League of Nations (but neither Germany nor USSR were in it)—US Senate vetoed entire Versailles Treaty. Punish Germany: –Germany blamed for war –No Army –Alsace-Lorraine to France –Rhineland demilitarized –No Armaments Industry –Germany pays for War and Reparations (5 billion +)

National Self-Determination Eastern Europe –Austria-Hungary is dismantled Austria becomes small country Czechoslovakia Yugoslavia Poland Treaty of Trianon –Hungary becomes a very small state, losing much territory and a majority of the Hungarians –Romania (including large populations of Hungarians)

Middle East After Settlements British Role: –Arab Revolts (Lawrence of Arabia) –Balfour Declaration French Role: –Got Involved in Palestinian struggles to prevent British from getting all Middle East as new colonies

Treaty of Sevres, August 10, 1920 Mandates (another name for colonies to please President Wilson) Jordon—mandate to British Palestine—to British Syria and Lebanon— French Hijaz (Arab) independent

Consequences of “Peace to End All War” Rise of the United States as the Great World Power (Massive transfer of wealth from Europe to the United States) Hitler - World War II The Holocaust Rise of the Soviet Union The Cold War Rivalry between U.S. and U.S.S.R. Arab-Israeli Conflict Iraq-Iran War Persian Gulf War Bosnia, Kosovo, Serbian crisis 2003 Iraq War 2007 Iraq Crisis/Civil War?