תאור מקרה בן 52, נשוי + 4 ללא מחלת רקע. מעשן 2 קופסאות 30 שנה. מתאשפז עם תמונה קלינית, א. ק. ג. ( טרופונין  ) של AMI מספר טסיות בקבלתו – 329,000.

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תאור מקרה בן 52, נשוי + 4 ללא מחלת רקע. מעשן 2 קופסאות 30 שנה. מתאשפז עם תמונה קלינית, א. ק. ג. ( טרופונין  ) של AMI מספר טסיות בקבלתו – 329,000.

תאור מקרה טופל בסטטינים, אספירין, חוסמי ביטא, קלקסן. טופל בסטטינים, אספירין, חוסמי ביטא, קלקסן. עבר צינטור כלילי עם הכנסת Stent לעורק דיאגונל עבר צינטור כלילי עם הכנסת Stent לעורק דיאגונל

תאור מקרה בסיום הצינטור – תמונה של הלם המורגי שאובחן ב -C.T. כתוצאה מדימום רטרופריטוניאלי. הועבר לחדר ניתוח. עבר אקספלורציה של רטרופריטונאום עם תיקון הקרע בעורק האילאקי. קיבל 10 מנות דם ופלסמה. הועבר למחלקה לטיפול נמרץ כללי. מספר הטסיות – 146,000.

תאור מקרה ביום השני לקבלתו – התייצב המודינמית. החולה מטופל בקלקסן מספר טסיות – 55,000 בבדיקה : Rt. Axillary and Subclavian Vein thrombosis אבחנה ? HIT/HITT

Heparin Induced Thrombocytopenia -HIT  Incidence: 5-10% of patients (any form of heparin)  Meta-analysis of 15 studies (n=7287) of surgical (mostly) or medical patients: - absolute risk of HIT with LMWH – 0.2% - absolute risk of HIT with LMWH – 0.2% - absolute risk of HIT with heparin – 2.6% - absolute risk of HIT with heparin – 2.6% (Blood 2005, 106: ) (Blood 2005, 106: )  Appears on 4-20 days after heparin treatment  Definition: platelets: < 100,000/mm 3 or 50% of baseline  Thrombosis: venous: arterial 4:1; more frequent in the site of previous injury; DVT, PE, CVA, limb ischemia, MAT, RAT, (overall risk: 38% - 76% - Arch Intern Med 164:361-9, 2004)  Mortality: 17% - 30%

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: a clinicopathological syndrome LaboratoryClinical A. Platelet activation assay using normal washed platelets: - Serotonin release assay - Serotonin release assay - Platelet aggregation assay using citrated platelet-rich plasma - Platelet aggregation assay using citrated platelet-rich plasma B. Antigen assay - PF4/ heparin-enzyme immunoassay (EIA) - PF4/ heparin-enzyme immunoassay (EIA) - PF4/polyviny sulphonate - PF4/polyviny sulphonate - Fluid-phase EIA - Fluid-phase EIA - Particle gel immunoassay (PAGIA) - Particle gel immunoassay (PAGIA) Thrombocytopenia with or without any of the following A. Venous thrombosis Deep vein thrombosis Coumarin- induced venous limb gangrene Pulmonary embolism Cerebral venous (dural sinus) thrombosis Adrenal haemorrhagic infarction B. Arterial thrombosis Lower-limb artery thrombosis Cerebrovasular accident Myocardial infarction Other C. Skin lesions (at heparin injection sites) Skin necrosis Erythematous plaques D. Acute systemic reaction post intravenous heparin bolus E.Hypofibrinogenaemia secondary to decompensated DIC

Pathogenesis of HIT-HITT Formation of antibody (Ab) against heparin + platelet factor 4 (PF4) Formation of antibody (Ab) against heparin + platelet factor 4 (PF4) Binding to platelet Fc receptor Binding to platelet Fc receptor Activation of platelets thrombosis Activation of platelets thrombosis Ab against PF4+GAG endothelial injury thrombosis Ab against PF4+GAG endothelial injury thrombosis

Differential diagnosis of HIT In cardiovascular set up: drug-induced thrombocytopenia – IIbIIIa inhibitors In cardiovascular set up: drug-induced thrombocytopenia – IIbIIIa inhibitors Massive acute thromboembolism (consumption of platelets on the thrombus surface) Massive acute thromboembolism (consumption of platelets on the thrombus surface) Catastrophic APLA Catastrophic APLA Trousseau’s syndrome Trousseau’s syndrome Cholesterol emboli syndrome Cholesterol emboli syndrome

ACCP, Chest, 2004 Management of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) (Warkentin, Am Society of Hematology Educational 2006) and ACCP, Chest, 2004 Two Do’s  Stop heparin  Start alternative, non-heparin anticoagulant, usually in therapeutic doses Two Don’ts  Avoid or postpone coumarin pending substantial platelets count recovery (give intravenous vitamin K if coumarin already given when HIT is recognized)  Avoid platelet transfusions Two Diagnostics  Test for HIT antibodies  Investigate for lower-limb DVT (duplex ultrasonography)

Treatment paradoxes of HIT ReferencesCommentParadox Warkentin et al (1997, 1999); Hirsh et al (2001); Smyth et al (2002) Coumarin are contraindicated in acute HIT; use Vit K to oppose coumadin; coumarin overlap with alternate anticoagulant after substantial resolution of thrombocytopenia. Coumarins (e.g. warfarin) increase risk of microvascular thrombosis in acute HIT (venous limb gangrene; skin necrosis) Ranze et al (2002); Greinacher & wWarkentin (2001) High risk (about 50%) of in vivo crossreactivity if LMWH is used to treat HIT caused by UFH LMWH is contraindicated to treat HIT despite its lower frequency of causing HIT Greinacher & Warkentin (2001)Spontaneous bleeding is uncommon in HIT, and platelet transfusion theoretically may contribute to thrombotic risk Prophylactic platelet transfusions are relatively contraindicated in HIT Warkentin & Kelton (1996); Hirsh et al (2001); Farner et al (2001); Lewis et al (2001); Warkentin (2001) Thromb Haemost 82: , 1999 Treat ‘isolated HIT’ with alternative anticoagulant. High treatment failure rate (30%-50%) when prophylactic-dose of danaparoid used to treat isolated HIT. Even if thrombosis is not apparent: 50% roentgenic evidence for VTE High risk thrombosis persists even after heparin is stopped. Therapeutic (rather than prophylactic) dose anticoagulation is appropriate even when treating isolated HIT

תאור מקרה בדיקה ל -HIT Ab) להפרין - PAGIA) היתה חיובית, הקלקסן הופסק, הוחל באורגרן Orgaran)=,(Danaparoid טסיות עלו בהדרגה ל -206,000 OrgaranDose 2250 iv bolus, 400u/4h→300u/4h → u/h u/ml* Treatment antiXa 750 u s.c. x 2/day Prophylaxis 750 u s.c. x 2/day * Arch Pathol lab Med 1998, 122: Orgaran: Dermatan sulphate, heparan sulphate, chondroitin sulphate Action: Indirect (via AT) anti Xa, IIa Half-life: 24 hours Monitoring: anti Xa Excretion: renal Neutralization: none

תאור מקרה ביום ה -6 לתחילתו של אורגרן, שוב ירידה בטסיות : 108,000 ← 72,000 ← 46,000 תרומבוציטופניה ממושכת, אבחנה ?

תאור מקרה ירידה מתמשכת בטסיות למרות הטיפול באורגרן ( ללא סיבה אחרת לתרומבוציטופניה ) חשד ל - Orgaran-induced thrombocytopenia

הוכחה סרולוגית ל- cross reactivityלאורגרן (פלסמה של חולה המכילה Ab נגד אורגרן גורמת לאגרגציה/אקטיבציה של טסיות תקינות בנוכחות אורגרן(– הטסט חיובי ב- 3.2% הוכחה סרולוגית ל- cross reactivityלאורגרן (פלסמה של חולה המכילה Ab נגד אורגרן גורמת לאגרגציה/אקטיבציה של טסיות תקינות בנוכחות אורגרן(– הטסט חיובי ב- 3.2% חשד קליני ל- cross reactivity (תרומבוציטופניה מתמשחת עם או ללא אירוע תרומבואמבולי) – 5.5% חשד קליני ל- cross reactivity (תרומבוציטופניה מתמשחת עם או ללא אירוע תרומבואמבולי) – 5.5% cross reactivity מתפתחת 2 – 28 ימים ((median 4 days אחרי תחילת הטיפול באורגרן cross reactivity מתפתחת 2 – 28 ימים ((median 4 days אחרי תחילת הטיפול באורגרן בחשד קליני/סרולוגי – יש להתחיל מיד בטיפול אלטרנטיבי בחשד קליני/סרולוגי – יש להתחיל מיד בטיפול אלטרנטיבי יש להמנע משימוש באורגרן בעתיד במקרה של cross reactivity יש להמנע משימוש באורגרן בעתיד במקרה של cross reactivity Cross reactivity to Orgaran (Outcome of 1478 patients with HIT treated with orgaran Magnani & Gallus, Thromb Haemost 2006)

תאור מקרה האורגרן הופסק. הטיפול האלטרנטיבי:

Alternative anticoagulation for patients with HIT Fondaparinox (Arixtra) Argatroban (Novastan) Bivalirudin (Angiomax) Synthetic pentasacharide Synthetic arginine analog Synthetic hirudin analog (20aa) Composition Indirect (via AT) anti Xa Direct thrombin inhibitor Action 2.5 mg x 10∙15- 0∙20 mg/kg/h, without initial bolus target aPTT range: 1∙5- 2∙5 x baseline Dosing h40 min25 minHalf-life NoneaPTT Monitoring None Neutralization RenalLiverPlasma proteasesExcretion None Immune effects

טיפול אלטרנטיבי Fondaparinux - מידע מוגבל על שימושו ב-HIT. אין עבודות פרוספקטיביות. טיפול מוצלח ב-HIT - בתיאורי מקרים. לא דווח על HIT על Fondaparinux Argatroban – מאושר לטיפול ב-HIT בארה"ב, קנדה. יעילותו הוכחה במחקרים רב מרכזיים-פרוספקטיביים. לא דווח על Ab ל-Argatroban (Angiomax) Bivalirudin – מאושר לטיפול ב-HIT ב-PCI בארה"ב. לא נבדק כטיפול ב-HIT במחקרים פרוספקטיביים פרט ל-.PCI יעילותו הוכחה בעבודות לא מבוקרות. נבדק במחקר של ניתוחי לב בחולי HIT Lepirudin – אנלוג רקומביננטי של Hirudin. מאושר לטיפול ב-HIT בארה"ב, אירופה וקנדה. נבדקה יעילותו בעבודות פרוספקטיביות. הגבלות: דימומים (ב-17.6%), התפתחות נוגדנים לתרופה (ב-30%), אנפילקסיס בשימוש חוזר

Florida Hospital Registry Bivalirudin in Suspected HIT Mortality Amputation New Thrombosis Composite LepirudinArgatrobanBivalirudin *all causes Francis et al ASH Annual Meeting Abstract.

תאור מקרה החולה טופל ב -Angiomax עם הארכת PTT פי 2 ("60~) מצבו משתפר, נגמל מהנשמה. מספר טסיות : 48,000 ← 66,000 ← 92,000 ← 111,000 הוחל בקומדין מועבר לשיקום לבית חולים אחר

Days after first LMWH Platelet count (x 10 9 /L) LMWH ORGARANANGIOMAX Coumadin Treatment of HIT and OIT with Angiomax

Duration of Treatment and Timing of Warfarin Initiation Warfarin should be initiated while on non- heparin when the platelet count is near normal (>100,000) Anticoagulation is recommended for at least 3 mo Chest (ACCP), 2004