Skilled Migration and Development Research to Operations Conference on Migration and Development May Washington DC Caglar Ozden Development Research Group WORLD BANK

INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION & DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH PROGRAM Objectives Fill the gaps in the existing knowledge about migration by gathering data and conducting analysis Inform policy makers and contribute to managing the risk and enhancing the benefits of migration Main research areas Determinants and impact of Migration and Remittances in source countries Brain drain Temporary movement of persons (including Mode IV of the GATS) Links between trade, FDI and migration

INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION & DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH PROGRAM Output New global databases on: bilateral migration stocks, brain drain and medical brain drain (MBD) 50 working papers of which many have been published in top journals Edited Volume: International Migration, Remittances & Brain Drain Forthcoming Volume: International Migration, Economics Development & Policy Planned: Medical Brain Drain

Brain Drain

Share of Educated Population Living Abroad North America Western Europe Eastern Europe Middle East/North Africa Sub-Saharan Africa East Asia South Asia South America Central America Caribbean

Brain Drain 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% Small Countries (<650K) MedianLarge Countries (>30M) Share of Population Living Abroad Total Tertiary educated

Brain Drain Migrants from Developing Countries in 2000 (Mil.) OthersTertiary Australia+CanadaEuropeUSA 20% 41% 57%

Brain Drain Age of Migration & Location of Education Share of College Educated Migrants by Age of Arrival to the US 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% MexicoCentral AmericaCaribbeanAndeanSouth America

Brain Drain Female Migrants in the US Predicted Probability of Employment vs. Years in the US 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Canada Mexico United Kingdom China India Nigeria

Brain Drain Female Migrants in the US Predicted wage ($ thousands) vs. Years in the US Canada Mexico United Kingdom China India Nigeria

MEDICAL BRAIN DRAIN The most complete dataset on physicians’ emigration rate for the period Data collected from medical associations and statistical institutions in 16 important OECD countries Migrants are defined as those trained, rather than born, in their home country

MEDICAL BRAIN DRAIN Small and low-income countries are the most affected by medical brain drain (MBD) Contrary to the general trends observed for post- secondary educated workers, the MBD drastically rose in small and low-income countries The most affected regions are the Middle East and North Africa, South Asia (SA) and Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) 12 out of the 30 most affected countries in 2004 are in SSA Severe increase in MBD over time is observed in Zimbabwe, Malawi, Zambia and Togo

MEDICAL BRAIN DRAIN

MEDICAL BRAIN DRAIN 30 MOST AFFECTED COUNTRIES IN Cape Verde China, Hong Kong Dominica Dominican Republic East Timor Ethiopia Fiji Ghana Grenada Haiti Iceland Iraq Ireland Jamaica Liberia Luxembourg Malawi Malta New Zealand Papua New Guinea Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Sao Tome and Principe Somalia South Africa Sri Lanka Sudan Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe

MEDICAL BRAIN DRAIN WESTERN AFRICA Year % Benin Burkina Faso Cote d'Ivoire Gambia, The Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Liberia Mali Mauritania Niger Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone Togo

MEDICAL BRAIN DRAIN Research Project in Ghana Objectives Understand the determinants for Medical Brain Drain in Ghana Identify how Ghana could turn brain drain into brain gain and what is the impact on medical education Find out the diaspora resources can be organized and effectively used in Ghana

MEDICAL BRAIN DRAIN Research Project in Ghana Methodology Conduct specifically designed survey of physicians physicians currently in Ghana physicians abroad medical students After compilation of data, rigorous analysis Policy recommendations and implementation World Bank operational units + government + doctors!!!

FUTURE