Biology Journal 8/24/2015 How is this picture like the Endosymbiotic Theory? What would happen next, in this analogy? Remember the 4 major pieces of evidence that support the Endosymbiotic Theory?

Endosymbiosis Like all evolution, eukaryotes evolved through a series of small steps.

Today! Get ready for your lab on osmosis. This lab will be counted as evidence. It will eventually all be put in your composition notebook. Read the entire lab Decide where you want to put it, and write your pre-lab questions, procedure, and materials. Do the homework questions for section 1.3 Is there any other practice you’ve skipped? You can do the Endosymbiotic Theory worksheet, the Cells, Cells, They’re made of Organelles worksheet, the Measuring Magnification worksheet…

Today! Do your journal. Compare your answers with another classmate, and add to your journal anything they have that you didn’t think of. Get ready for your lab on osmosis. This lab will be counted as evidence. It will eventually all be put in your composition notebook. Read the entire lab Decide where you want to put it, and write your pre-lab questions, procedure, and materials. Do the homework questions for section 1.3 Is there any other practice you’ve skipped? You can do the Endosymbiotic Theory worksheet, the Cells, Cells, They’re made of Organelles worksheet, the Measuring Magnification worksheet…

Biology Journal 9/14/12 What molecule is the macromolecule DNA made out of? How did that molecule get its name?

Biology Journal 9/20/10 What do ribosomes do? What other organelle are ribosomes often attached to? What does that organelle do?

How many cells do you think are in the average human’s body? Biology Journal 11/21/13 How many cells do you think are in the average human’s body?

Biology Journal 11/22/13 What are histones? What are chromosomes? What’s the difference between the DNA of a eukaryote and the DNA of a prokaryote?

Biology Journal 11/27/13 The DNA of a prokaryote is called “naked.” Why is that? What’s different about the DNA of a eukaryote and a prokaryote?

Topic 1: Cell Biology (15 hours) 1.2 Ultrastructure of cells: Eukaryotes have a much more complex cell structure than prokaryotes. Nature of science: Developments in scientific research follow improvements in apparatus—the invention of electron microscopes led to greater understanding of cell structure. Understandings: Prokaryotes have a simple cell structure without compartmentalization. Prokaryotes divide by binary fission. Electron microscopes have a much higher resolution than light microscopes. Developments in science, such as electron microscopy, can have economic benefits as they give commercial companies opportunities to make profits, but this can affect cooperation between scientists. Applications and skills: Structure and function of organelles within exocrine gland cells of the pancreas and within palisade mesophyll cells of the leaf. Drawing of the ultrastructure of prokaryotic cells based on electron micrographs: cell wall, pili and flagella, and plasma membrane enclosing cytoplasm that contains 70S ribosomes and a nucleoid with naked DNA. Drawing of the ultrastructure of eukaryotic cells based on electron micrographs: plasma membrane enclosing cytoplasm that contains 80S ribosomes and a nucleus, mitochondria and other membrane-bound organelles are present in the cytoplasm. Some eukaryotic cells have a cell wall. Interpretation of electron micrographs to identify organelles and deduce the function of specialized cells. International-mindedness: Microscopes were invented simultaneously in different parts of the world at a time when information travelled slowly. Modern-day communications have allowed for improvements in the ability to collaborate, enriching scientific endeavour.  Theory of knowledge: The world that we inhabit is limited by the world that we see. Is there any distinction to be drawn between knowledge claims dependent upon observations made by sense perception and knowledge claims dependent upon observations assisted by technology?

Biology Journal 11/7/2014 A cell is 32 µm across. A student draws it as 250mm wide. What is the magnification? Show your work.

A cell is 32 µm across. A student draws it as 250mm wide A cell is 32 µm across. A student draws it as 250mm wide. What is the magnification? You don’t have to draw it, but you can if that helps! Measured length Actual size = Magnification 250 mm 250000 µm Solve for x 32 µm = 32 µm = x x 7800 times magnified X= 7800 Convert to the same units before you divide! 1000 µm 250 mm x = 250000 µm 1 mm

Biology Journal 11/6/2014 The kind of microscopes we have used are called light microscopes. What do you think could be the smallest things we can see with a light microscope? What do you think could be the smallest things we can see with an electron microscope? A more powerful microscope is an electron microscope.

What do you think these could be?

1.2 The Ultrastructure of Cells

The invention of electron microscopes led to greater understanding of cell structure.

All organisms can be divided into two groups according to their cell structure. Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Germs! Smaller, simpler You are a Eukaryote. Bigger, more complex Cell wall with cellulose (plants), chitin (fungi), or no cell wall (animals) Cell wall with peptidoglycan 70s ribosomes 80s ribosomes Reproduces through binary fission Reproduces through mitosis

Eukaryotes are about 100 times bigger than prokaryotes

Example IB topic skill: Drawing of the ultrastructure of prokaryotic cells based on electron micrographs: cell wall, pili and flagella, and plasma membrane enclosing cytoplasm that contains 70S ribosomes and a nucleoid with naked DNA.

Parts are indistinguishable Example IB topic skill: Drawing of the ultrastructure of prokaryotic cells based on electron micrographs: cell wall, pili and flagella, and plasma membrane enclosing cytoplasm that contains 70S ribosomes and a nucleoid with naked DNA. A Terrible Drawing… Too light Unlabeled Messy Tiny Parts are indistinguishable

A Good Drawing… Good use of space Clear strong lines Label lines are straight Labels clearly written Scale bar if appropriate Lines touch the labeled structure No unnecessary shading or coloring

Cell Membrane Nucleoid Flagella Cytoplasm Cell Wall Pili 70S Ribosomes Made out of phospholipids; controls what enters and leaves cell Nucleoid Region where naked DNA can be found; may have plasmids (loops of “extra” DNA, which can introduce new genes) Flagella Whip like; allows the cell to move Cytoplasm Jelly-like substance Cell Wall Made out of peptidoglycan (mesh of amino acids and sugars) Pili Allows cells to connect and exchange DNA (sexual reproduction) 70S Ribosomes make protein

Example IB topic skill: Drawing of the ultrastructure of eukaryotic cells based on electron micrographs: plasma membrane enclosing cytoplasm that contains 80S ribosomes and a nucleus, mitochondria and other membrane-bound organelles are present in the cytoplasm. Some eukaryotic cells have a cell wall.

10µm

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Plasma membrane Mitochondria Free 80S ribosomes Lysosomes Cytoplasm Nucleus Golgi apparatus Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum 10µm

Endoplasmic Reticulum Nucleus DNA in a membrane Mitochondria Makes energy by doing cellular respiration Vacuole Large compartment for storage of water or other molecules 80S Ribosomes They make protein; sometimes attached to ER Cytoplasm Jelly-like substance Chloroplast Makes glucose by doing photosynthesis Endoplasmic Reticulum Transports molecules; can have ribosomes attached (rough) or none (smooth) Cell Wall In plant cells, it is made out of cellulose (a carbohydrate) In fungi, it is made out of chitin (a carbohydrate) Animal cells don’t have one Golgi Complex Makes vesicles for molecules to enter or leave the cell

Identify the structures in these false-colored microscopic images Cell membrane Cytoplasm (the darker spheres are ribosomes) Cell wall Pili Flagella Nucleoid region (where DNA is located)

Endoplasmic Reticulum Identify the structures in this false-colored microscopic image of a human liver cell Mitochondria Ribosomes (free) Cytoplasm Plasma membrane Lysosome Nucleus Endoplasmic Reticulum (rough)

(little dots are ribosomes) Identify the structures in this microscopic image of a plant cell (not false colored) Chloroplast Vacuole Cytoplasm (little dots are ribosomes) Cell Wall Plasma membrane Mitochondrion Nucleus

This is a sweat gland attached to a hair follicle! Which cell parts can we identify? Which cells do you think… Excrete water and lipids? Make up the upper level of skin (epidermis)? Make up the fatty, squishy layer of tissue under the skin?

This is a cross-section of a leaf This is a cross-section of a leaf! How do some of the cells appear specialized for their job? Which cell parts can we identify? Which cells do you think… Do photosynthesis? Form a water-tight barrier? Transport sugars and carbohydrates?

Eukaryotes Both Prokaryotes Biology Journal 11/25/2013 Compare and contrast eukaryotes and prokaryotes in a Venn diagram. Eukaryotes Both Prokaryotes

Eukaryotes Both Prokaryotes Biology Journal 11/25/2013 Compare and contrast eukaryotes and prokaryotes in a Venn diagram. Eukaryotes Both Prokaryotes Large and more complex Have a cell membrane and cytoplasm Small and simple Has a nucleus and organelles Reproduce through asexual cell division Lacks a nucleus and lacks organelles DNA is linear and in many pieces (chromosomes) Have ribosomes (but they are different) DNA is circular and in one piece (usually) Cells divide through mitosis Cells divide through binary fission Have 80s ribosomes Have 70s ribosomes Attaches and transfers DNA through pili

Biology Journal 11/26/2013 Compare and contrast plant and animal cells in a Venn diagram. Plant Both Animal

Biology Journal 11/26/2013 Compare and contrast plant and animal cells in a Venn diagram. Plant Both Animal Have chloroplasts Are eukaryotes Often are high in lysosomes Has a plant cell wall Have other organelles in common (mitochondria, ER, golgi bodies…) Can have great ability to move Has a large vacuole Are similar in size No / very limited ability to move Cells asexually reproduce through mitosis

Extracellular Components – parts outside of the cell The cell wall of plants Gives the cell shape Holds the cell up against gravity Prevents it from exploding from too much water Glycoproteins of animals Made out of carbohydrates attached to proteins Gives the cells adhesion Anchors the cell to surrounding cells Allow for movement

On your notecard, write… Your name on the card One question that’s a definition One question that’s a drawing One question that’s an explanation Write the answers to these on the backside For example Sarah Smith hr.1 What does flagella do? What’s this thing? Why do eukaryotes have to do mitosis, but prokaryotes don’t?