CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION

What is the Cell Theory & Who Developed It? The cell theory was developed through the efforts of several scientists, most notably Theodor Schwann ( ) and Matthias Schleiden ( ). The cell theory states that: 1.All living things are made of cells. 2.All cells come from preexisting cells (other living cells of the same kind). 3.Cells are the basic unit of life.

MORE SCIENTISTS Who was the 1 st to view cells? Anton van Leeuwenhoek Who is responsible for naming cells? Robert Hooke

What are the 3 basic parts of a cell? 1.Plasma Membrane: thin flexible boundary surrounding the cell. 2.Genetic Material: the area of the cell where the DNA is stored (usually nucleus). It regulates cellular activities. 3.Cytoplasm: watery, jelly-like part of the cell between cell membrane and genetic material. Contains organelles (little organs) for carrying out cellular functions. GENETIC MATERIAL

Can you relate the cell’s structures and functions? Let’s use a school to model a cell. The cell is the school. The organelles (small specialized subunits located in the cytoplasm) are the different places within the school that keep the school running. The nucleus is the administrative office where the administrators make all of the decisions. The exterior walls of the school is the cell membrane. It separates the entire school from the outside world. The school produces academic achievement; the cell produces proteins and lipids.

Checkpoint! Short Answer Q: What are the 3 basic parts of a cell? A: Genetic Material, Cytoplasm, & Plasma Membrane Q: Which of the 3 parts represents DNA? A: Genetic Material Q: If the cell was a school, the nucleus (genetic material) would be represented by what? A: Administrative Office

Examples of Cells Amoeba Proteus Plant Stem Red Blood Cell Nerve Cell Bacteria

What are the differences/similarities between the two basic types of cells? Pro-no; karyote=nucleus Eu-true; karyote=nucleus Plasma membrane Cytoplasm Genetic Material No true nucleus Genetic material is not surrounded by membrane No membrane- bound organelles True nucleus with genetic material that is surrounded by a membrane True organelles have membranes surrounding them

Prokaryotic One-celled organisms, Bacteria

Eukaryotic Plant Animal

Cell Wall Chloroplast Large Vacuole Cell membrane Golgi Bodies Microfilaments & Microtubules ER Nucleolus/Nucleus Ribosomes Cytoplasm Lysosomes Mitochondria Cilia or Flagella Small Vacuole Relatively Larger in Size Regular Shape Relatively Smaller in Size Irregular Shape What are the structural similarities and differences between the 2 types of eukaryotic cells?

“Typical” Plant Cell

“Typical” Animal Cell /~ acarpi/NSC/images/cell.gif vacuole nucleolus

Checkpoint! Short Answer Q: Which type of cell evolved first? A: Prokaryotic Q: What does a Eukaryotic cell have that a Prokaryotic cell does not? A: True Nucleus & Organelles Q: What does a plant cell have that an animal cell does not? A: Cell wall, Chloroplast, & Large Vacuole

NAMEDESCRIPTION Cell Wall (plants only) Rigid membrane around plant cell; made of cellulose and provides shape and support VacuolesSpherical storage sac for food and water Cell MembraneMembrane surrounding the cell that allows some molecules to pass through Golgi BodiesFlattened membrane sacs for synthesis, packaging, and distribution MitochondriaRod-shaped double membranous structures where cellular respiration takes place (Energy Source) Microfilaments & Microtubules Fibers and tubes of protein that help move internal cell parts (cytoskeleton) Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Folded membranes having areas with and without ribosomes used for transport of RNA and proteins (Maybe Smooth or Rough) ORGANELLES

NAMEDESCRIPTION Nucleolus Dense body in the nucleus; site of ribosome production (RNA is found here) Nucleus Control center of the cell; location of hereditary information has a double membrane that is small holes (DNA is found here) Ribosomes Structures that manufacture proteins found on endoplasmic reticulum and floating in the cytoplasm Lysosomes Spherical sac containing enzymes for digestive functions (cleans up the cell and worn out cell parts) Cilia (animal cell only) Short, hair-like extensions on the surface of some cells used for movement and food gathering Flagella (animal cell only) Long, whip-like extension on the surface of some cells used for movement Cytoplasm Jelly-like substance in the cell around nucleus and organelles (holds organelles in place) ORGANELLES

YOU BE THE EXPERT! Join a Group (4 to a group) Each group member will select a cell structure/organelle (do not select cell membrane, cell wall, or cytoplasm) Use copy paper to create a frayer model for an organelle See Rubric Be Creative! Be Ready to Present! Note: You May Use Your Notes or Textbook

OUTRAGEOUS CELL ORGANIZER 20 PT S 5 PT S Accuracy 5 PTS Neatness 5 PTS Color 5 PTS kstacker.yolasite.com

Eukaryotic PlantAnimal

Cell Parts Organelles

Surrounding the Cell

Cell Membrane Outer membrane of cell that controls movement in and out of the cell Double layer

Cell Wall Most commonly found in plant cells & bacteria Supports & protects cells

Inside the Cell

Nucleus The control center of the cell that directs cell activities Separated from cytoplasm by nuclear membrane Contains genetic material - DNA

Nuclear Membrane Surrounds nucleus Made of two layers Openings allow material to enter and leave nucleus

Chromosomes In nucleus Made of DNA Contain instructions for traits & characteristics

Nucleolus Inside nucleus Contains RNA to build proteins

Cytoplasm Gel-like mixture Surrounded by cell membrane Contains hereditary material

Endoplasmic Reticulum Moves materials around in cell Smooth type: lacks ribosomes Rough type (pictured): ribosomes embedded in surface

Ribosomes Each cell contains thousands Make proteins Found on ribosomes & floating throughout the cell

Mitochondria Produces energy through chemical reactions – breaking down fats & carbohydrates Controls level of water and other materials in cell Recycles and decomposes proteins, fats, and carbohydrates

Golgi Bodies Protein 'packaging plant' Move materials within the cell Move materials out of the cell

Lysosome Digestive 'plant' for proteins, fats, and carbohydrates Transports undigested material to cell membrane for removal Cell breaks down if lysosome explodes

Vacuoles Membrane-bound sacs for storage, digestion, and waste removal Contains water solution Help plants maintain shape

Chloroplast Usually found in plant cells Contains green chlorophyll Where photosynthesis takes place