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Drill #34 Quote: Persistent work triumphs. ~Virgil Objective: Math TAKS Sound and Light

WAVES: SOUND & LIGHT Waves carry energy from one place to another © 2000 Microsoft Clip Gallery

Sound......a longitudinal wave in air caused by a vibrating object. Produced by tiny fluctuations of air pressure Carried through air at 345 m/s (770 m.p.h) as compressions and rarefactions.

wavelength compressed gas rarefied gas

Waves in air can’t be transverse, because the molecules are not bound to each other. Air molecules can only bump into one another. Why is Sound Longitudinal?

Origin of Sound infrasonic frequencies < 20 Hz ultrasonic frequencies > 20,000 Hz human hearing range frequencies between 20 Hz and 20,000 Hz

The frequency of an audible sound determines how high or low we perceive the sound to be. (pitch) greater frequency = greater the pitch. Origin of Sound (Cont.)

Nature of Sound in Air and Solids Speed of sound in air is related to the frantic motions of molecules as they jostle and collide. Solids have faster sound speeds due to close molecule proximity & molecular bonding. don’t have to rely on atoms to traverse gap spring compression can (and does) travel faster than actual atom motion.

Mediumsound speed (m/s) air (25  C) 345 water1490 gold3240 brick3650 wood3800–4600 glass5100 steel5790 aluminum5100 Example Sound Speeds

What is the approximate distance of a thunderstorm when you note a 3 second delay between the flash of the lightning and the sound of the thunder? Answer: 3 seconds  340 meters/second = 1020 meters Sample Problem

DOPPLER EFFECT …a frequency shift that is the result of relative motion between the source of the waves and the observer. Doppler with Sound

Some applications of the Doppler effect Doppler flow meter measures speed of blood flow in blood vessels. A transmitter generates high frequency (~5MHz) “sounds” that move through the body and bounce off red blood cells. The motion of the blood cells cause a Doppler shift in the sound waves (in the hundreds of Hz range), that can be measured by a receiver.

Ultrasound, sonar, echolocation and seismic exploration are all ways in which machines or animals can image the surroundings using sound waves. A sound wave is emitted, bounces off reflective surfaces in the environment, and the reflected signals are observed. The time delay between transmission and reception of the wave is related to the distance to the reflecting surface, transmission and reflection properties of the media, etc., and this information can be used to reconstruct an image of the surroundings. ultrasound image of a fetussonar image of a shipwreck in Lake Ontario Some applications of Doppler effect

Doppler radar used in weather forecasting to detect local velocities in a storm system: same principle as with the Doppler effect in sound waves, only here the frequency shift is in radio waves bouncing off moving water droplets in a storm. Some applications of Doppler effect

Radar True Velocity Tangential Velocity Radial Velocity Some applications of Doppler effect

LIGHT & USES: Diffraction Diffraction – Bending of waves around the edge of a barrier. New waves are formed from the original. breaks images into bands of light & dark and colors. Refraction – Bending of waves due to a change in speed through an object.

EVALUATION: State Standards Waves carry energy from one place to another Identify transverse and longitudinal waves in mechanical media such as spring, ropes, and the earth (seismic waves) Solve problems involving wavelength, frequency, & speed..

EVALUATION: State Standards Radio waves, light, and x-rays are different wavelength bands in the spectrum of electromagnetic waves whose speed in vacuum is approximately 3x10 m/sec Sound is a longitudinal wave whose speed depends on the properties of the medium in which it propagates.

EVALUATION: State Standards Identify the characteristic properties of waves: Interference Diffraction Refraction Doppler Effect Polarization.

NATURE OF WAVES Waves (Def.) – A wave is a disturbance that transfers energy. Medium – Substance or region through which a wave is transmitted. Speed of Waves – Depends on the properties of the medium. © 2000 Microsoft Clip Gallery

LIGHT: What Is It? Light Energy Atoms As atoms absorb energy, electrons jump out to a higher energy level. Electrons release light when falling down to the lower energy level. Photons - bundles/packets of energy released when the electrons fall. Light: Stream of Photons © 2000 Microsoft Clip Gallery

Electromagnetic Waves Speed in Vacuum 300,000 km/sec 186,000 mi/sec Speed in Other Materials Slower in Air, Water, Glass © 2000 Microsoft Clip Gallery

Transverse Waves Energy is perpendicular to direction of motion Moving photon creates electric & magnetic field Light has BOTH Electric & Magnetic fields at right angles! © 2000 Microsoft Clip Gallery

Electromagnetic Spectrum Visible Spectrum – Light we can see Roy G. Biv – Acronym for Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, & Violet. Largest to Smallest Wavelength.

Electromagnetic Spectrum Invisible Spectrum Radio Waves Def. – Longest wavelength & lowest frequency. Uses – Radio & T.V. broadcasting. © 2000 Microsoft Clip Gallery

Modulating Radio Waves Modulation - variation of amplitude or frequency when waves are broadcast AM – amplitude modulation Carries audio for T.V. Broadcasts Longer wavelength so can bend around hills FM – frequency modulation Carries video for T.V. Broadcasts © 2000 Microsoft Clip Gallery

Short Wavelength Microwave Invisible Spectrum (Cont.) Infrared Rays Def – Light rays with longer wavelength than red light. Uses: Cooking, Medicine, T.V. remote controls

Electromagnetic Spectrum Invisible spectrum (cont.). Ultraviolet rays. Def. – EM waves with frequencies slightly higher than visible light Uses: food processing & hospitals to kill germs’ cells Helps your body use vitamin D.

Electromagnetic Spectrum Invisible Spectrum (Cont.) X-Rays Def. - EM waves that are shorter than UV rays. Uses: Medicine – Bones absorb x- rays; soft tissue does not. Lead absorbs X-rays.

Electromagnetic Spectrum Invisible spectrum (cont.) Gamma rays Def. Highest frequency EM waves; Shortest wavelength. They come from outer space. Uses: cancer treatment.

LIGHT: Particles or Waves? Wave Model of Light Explains most properties of light Particle Theory of Light Photoelectric Effect – Photons of light produce free electrons © 2000 Microsoft Clip Gallery

LIGHT: Refraction of Light Refraction – Bending of light due to a change in speed. Index of Refraction – Amount by which a material refracts light. Prisms – Glass that bends light. Different frequencies are bent different amounts & light is broken out into different colors.

Color of Light Transparent Objects: Light transmitted because of no scattering Color transmitted is color you see. All other colors are absorbed. Translucent: Light is scattered and transmitted some. Opaque: Light is either reflected or absorbed. Color of opaque objects is color it reflects. © 2000 Microsoft Clip Gallery

Color of Light (Cont.) Color of Objects White light is the presence of ALL the colors of the visible spectrum. Black objects absorb ALL the colors and no light is reflected back. © 2000 Microsoft Clip Gallery

LIGHT & ITS USES - Reflection Reflection – Bouncing back of light waves Regular reflection – mirrors smooth surfaces scatter light very little. Images are clear & exact. Diffuse reflection – reflected light is scattered due to an irregular surface.

LIGHT & ITS USES: Reflection Vocabulary Enlarged – Image is larger than actual object. Reduced –Image is smaller than object. Erect –Image is right side up. Inverted – Image is upside down © 2000 Microsoft Clip Gallery

Light & Its Uses: Mirrors Reflection Vocabulary Optical Axis – Base line through the center of a mirror or lens Focal Point – Point where reflected or refracted rays meet & image is formed Focal Length – Distance between center of mirror/lens and focal point © 2000 Microsoft Clip Gallery

LIGHT & ITS USES: Mirrors Reflection & Mirrors (Cont.) Convex Mirror Curves outward, thicker in center than edges Converges light rays (brings together) Use: Rear view mirrors, store security… Concave Lenses – Lens that is thicker at the edges and thinner in the center. Diverges light rays All images are erect and reduced CAUTION! Objects are closer than they appear! © 2000 Microsoft Clip Gallery

LIGHT & USES: Optical Instruments LASERS Acronym: Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation Coherent Light – Waves are in phase so it is VERY powerful & VERY intense.

LIGHT & USES: Optical Instruments LASERS Holography – Use of Lasers to create 3-D images Fiber Optics – Light energy transferred through long, flexible fibers of glass/plastic Uses – Communications, medicine, t.v. transmission, data processing.