Morphology & the mental lexicon DAY 25 – Oct 25, 2013 Brain & Language LING 4110-4890-5110-7960 NSCI 4110-4891-6110 Harry Howard Tulane University

Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University 10/25/13 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University Course organization The syllabus, these slides and my recordings are available at http://www.tulane.edu/~howard/LING4110/. If you want to learn more about EEG and neurolinguistics, you are welcome to participate in my lab. This is also a good way to get started on an honor's thesis. The grades are posted to Blackboard.

Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University 10/25/13 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University Review

Summary of lateralization of phonology 10/25/13 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University Summary of lateralization of phonology LH, small window of temporal integration RH, large window of temporal integration high temporal frequency: rapid cues, like stops low temporal frequency: slow cues, like vowels high spectral frequency: formants low spectral frequency: fundamental categorical distinctions: lexical, phrasal, clausal stress; lexical tone in Thai/Chinese graded/coordinate distinctions: emotional intonation, sentence type?

A theory of how the brain works 10/25/13 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University A theory of how the brain works The five theories of the lateralization of phonology that we have reviewed gradually converge towards lateralization as a kind of calculation or computation.

A neuron as a computation, if not a calculation 10/25/13 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University A neuron as a computation, if not a calculation dendrite a dendrite b dendrite c dendrite d axon

Morphology & the mental lexicon 10/25/13 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University Morphology & the mental lexicon Ingram: III. Lexical semantics, §9.

Linguistic model, Fig. 2.1 p. 37 Discourse model Syntax Morphology 10/25/13 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University Linguistic model, Fig. 2.1 p. 37 Discourse model Semantics Sentence level Word level Syntax Sentence prosody Morphology Word prosody Segmental phonology production Articulatory phonetics Speech motor control Segmental phonology perception Acoustic phonetics Feature extraction INPUT

Dual-route model compositional route lexical route meaning 10/25/13 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University Dual-route model meaning verb + past tense morphological analysis /di.paɹ.t + ɪd/ compositional route lexical route phonological input /di.paɹ.tɪd/ /wɪnt/

Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University 10/25/13 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University What is a word? Phonologically a spike in the level of uncertainty as to what the next sound will be d o g ? Semantically that is the topic of this chapter

Morphological decomposition 10/25/13 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University Morphological decomposition Recall that words can be analyzed in terms of inflection & derivation inflection: cats > cat+s, sleeping > sleep+ing derivation: government > govern+ment argument detriment department

Form-frequency relations in English past tense Table 1.9 10/25/13 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University Form-frequency relations in English past tense Table 1.9 Basic form Past tense Occurrence in speech Morphological type go went high token frequency suppletive leave left mid token frequency partially regular depart departed low token frequency (fully) regular These relations generalize to other morphemes and other languages, eg. tack~tacks, knife~knives, ox~oxen. Can one learning model account for all three, or is a dual-route model necessary, or perhaps even a triple-route model?

What does ‘to prime the pump’ mean? 10/25/13 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University What does ‘to prime the pump’ mean? What is priming in psychology? ‘the facilitatory effect that presentation of an item can have on the response to a subsequent item’ usually measured in terms of reaction time http://explorepahistory.com/displayimage.php?imgId=6808

An example of priming Table 9.2 10/25/13 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University An example of priming Table 9.2 Conditions prime ~ probe Priming effect [+morph, +phon] friendly ~ friend yes [+morph, –phon] elusive ~ elude serenity ~ serene [–morph, +phon] tinsel ~ tin no

What causes the priming effect? Table 9.3 10/25/13 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University What causes the priming effect? Table 9.3 Conditions prime ~ probe Priming effect [–sem, +morph] casualty ~ casual no [+sem, +morph] punishment ~ punish yes [+sem, –morph, –phon] idea ~ notion [–sem, –morph, +phon] bulletin ~ bullet Answer: The semantic relationship.

What causes the priming effect? Table 9.4 10/25/13 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University What causes the priming effect? Table 9.4 Conditions prime ~ probe Priming effect [–sem, +morph] casualty ~ casual no [+sem, +morph] punishment ~ punish yes successful ~ successor confession ~ confessor restrain ~ strain insincere ~ sincere depress ~ express unfasten ~ refasten

Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University 10/28/13 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University A little too early The previous experiment suggests that prefixes and suffixes are processed differently. I want to introduce a model of word semantics first, and then we will return to this issue. Ingram has a good summary of a PET and a MEG experiment on morphological processing. MEG is more informative, but to understand the results, we need to wait until we have discussed Broca’s area.

Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University 10/25/13 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University NEXT TIME Q7 Start word semantics