The Nationalist Period, : The Unification Movements AP European History Androstic

Overview Bound by commonalities and a sense of belonging (speech, culture, history, ethnicity) Bound by commonalities and a sense of belonging (speech, culture, history, ethnicity) Governments realized that they needed to harness these energies Governments realized that they needed to harness these energies Aims of 1848 now somewhat realized Aims of 1848 now somewhat realized Governments will lead nationalist pushes Governments will lead nationalist pushes Drive out minorities Drive out minorities Topics Topics Crimean War Crimean War Second French Empire Second French Empire Italian Unification Italian Unification German Unification German Unification Austria Austria Russia Russia Study Guide – Section 63, #1, Palmer pg

Crimean War

2. What significance was the Crimean War for European national movements? How did the major European powers become involved in the dispute that broke out between Russia and Turkey in 1853? Study Guide – Section 63, Palmer pg

Crimean War ( ) Caused by Russia's continued drive to the south France, the UK, & Austria fear Russian expansion Study Guide – Section 63, #2, Palmer pg

A romanticized poem of the battle by Alfred Lord Tennyson Half a league, half a league, Half a league onward, All in the valley of Death Rode the six hundred. "Forward, the Light Brigade! "Charge for the guns!" he said: Into the valley of Death Rode the six hundred… The Charge of the Light Brigade

“The Lady with the Lamp” Florence Nightengale

Treaty of Paris, 1856 All pledged to uphold Ottoman Turkey Romania and Serbia though were to become independent Russia lost influence & territory

France

1. Discuss political institutions and political life in the Second Empire. Study Guide – Section 62, Palmer pg

2. Describe French economic growth under Napoleon III. Study Guide – Section 62, Palmer pg

3. What caused the ruin and downfall of the Second Empire? Study Guide – Section 62, Palmer pg

France President Louis-Napoleon Emperor Napoleon III

Second Empire Politics Populist and authoritarian ruler Built modern Paris – Burned during 1848 Economics Credit Mobilier Suez Canal Industrial Growth Foreign Policy Mexican Empire Colonies Avenue des Gobelins and the Panthéon, Paris Study Guide – Section 62, #3, Palmer pg Study Guide – Section 62, #2, Palmer pg Study Guide – Section 62, #1, Palmer pg

Italy

Unification of Italy

1. Describe the state of political affairs in Italy in the 1850s. How did Piedmont differ from the other Italian states? Study Guide – Section 64, Palmer pg. 521

Italian unification movement: Risorgimento [“Resurgence”] Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont

2. What role had Mazzini played? What had happened in 1848 to the unification movement? Study Guide – Section 64, Palmer pg. 521

3. How did Cavour unify Italy? Study Guide – Section 64, Palmer pg

Italian Unification Giuseppe Mazzini Camillo di Cavour Giuseppe Garibaldi “Heart”“Brains”“Sword” Study Guide – Section 64, #3, Palmer pg

Pope Pius IX: The Spoiler? Study Guide – Section 64, #3, Palmer pg

Austro-Sardinian War, 1859 Study Guide – Section 64, #3, Palmer pg

4. What was the status of unification in 1861? How was it eventually completed? Study Guide – Section 64, Palmer pg. 523

Garibaldi & the Red Shirts unite with Piedmont-Sardinia, 1861 Study Guide – Section 64, #4, Palmer pg. 523

Austro-Prussian War, 1866 Italy, sides with Austria Annexes Venetia Study Guide – Section 64, #4, Palmer pg. 523

Unified Peninsula A contemporary British cartoon, entitled "Right Leg in the Boot at Last," shows Garibaldi helping Victor Emmanuel put on the Italian boot. Study Guide – Section 64, #4, Palmer pg. 523

French Troops Leave Rome, 1870 Kingdom of Italy, 1871 Study Guide – Section 64, #4, Palmer pg. 523

Germany

German Unification

Zollverein, 1834

1. What were the lessons for national unification seen in the failure of Frankfurt Assembly? Study Guide – Section 65, Palmer pg. 526

2. Explain Bismarck’s political outlook and describe the nature and outcome of his dispute with the liberals in the Prussian parliament. What was the meaning of his famous “blood and iron” statement? Study Guide – Section 65, Palmer pg. 527

Otto von Bismarck “Iron” Chancellor of Prussia and German Empire Study Guide – Section 65, #2, Palmer pg. 527

3. How did Bismarck succeed in ousting Austria from a position of leadership in Germany? Study Guide – Section 65, Palmer pg. 528

The Danish War, 1864

Prussia Austria Austro-Prusian War (Seven Weeks War), 1866 Study Guide – Section 65, #3, Palmer pg. 528

North German Confederation, 1867

4. What did Bismarck hope to accomplish by a war with France? How did the Franco-Prussian war start? How did the war affect France? Germany? Study Guide – Section 65, Palmer pg

Franco-Prussian War, 1871 Ems Dispatch Battle of Sedan Quickly occupied Paris and captured Napoleon III Study Guide – Section 65, #4, Palmer pg

Treaty of Frankfurt, 1871 Second French Empire collapsed and Italians seized Rome France was forced to pay a huge indemnity and was occupied by the Germans until it was paid France had to give up Alsace-Lorraine The German Empire was proclaimed, the Second Reich Study Guide – Section 65, #4, Palmer pg

German Empire (1871) Kaiser Wilhelm I

Austria

5. What were the chief problems confronting the Habsburg empire in the nineteenth century? Study Guide – Section 65, Palmer pg

Austria-Hungary Ethnicities Study Guide – Section 65, #5, Palmer pg

6. How effective was the Comprise of 1867 as a solution to the nationalities problem in the Habsburg Empire? Study Guide – Section 65, Palmer pg

Compromise of 1867, Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary (1871) Study Guide – Section 65, #6, Palmer pg

Russia

1. How did the autocracy in Russia differ from absolutism in the West? Study Guide – Section 66, Palmer pg. 537

2. Explain the role of the “intelligentsia” in Russian life. Study Guide – Section 66, Palmer pg. 540

3. How did serfdom in Russia before 1861 differ from and resemble American slavery? What did the Act of Emancipation of 1861 accomplish? Study Guide – Section 66, Palmer pg

4. How did the Russian revolutionists react to the reforms of Alexander II? Study Guide – Section 66, Palmer pg

Russia Tsar Alexander II, Emperor of the Russian Empire Failure in the Crimean War Tsar rules by “ukase” and the secret police Muzhiks – Serfs Intelligensia Sees the need for Reforms Emancipation Act of 1861 Legal Changes Zemstovs Assassinated Study Guide – Section 66, #1-4, Palmer pg

Tsar Alexander III Reacted harshly to his father's assassination Returned to the repression of the past Pogroms Forced Jewish migration to the Pale

Pogroms

Summary Every European state tried to use nationalism to support their governments – ex. Crimean War This met with mixed success, as some dissolved, as some unified, or as others became more repressive BUT, THE UNIFICATIONS OF ITALY AND GERMANY UPSET THE BALANCE OF POWER IN EUROPE!