The Success Stories and its Limits: The Concrete Case Studies (3 lectures) - Russia/Soviet Union - Latin America in the Era of Catching Up Industrialisation - East Asian Miracle: The Rise of the New Industrial Pole

The empire model of modernisation Goals – maintenance of military-political power, ability to defensive and offensive war Means – modernisation of army & the state governance, selective borrowings of the advanced technolo- gies and scientific accomplishments important for militarisation

The Rise of Dualism in Russia Army & military industry resources Exploitation of country-side Conservation of backwardness as the main obstacle to further modernisation

Alexander Pushkin on the internal central-peripheral structure of Russia “Whatever for caprice of spending ingenious London has been sending across the Baltic in exchange for wood and tallow; all the range of useful objects that the curious Parisian taste invents for one – for friends of languor, or of fun, or for the modishly luxurious – all this, at eighteen years of age adorned the sanctum of our sage.” (Eugene Onegin)

GDP per capita in some countries of Latin America and Europe (including Russia), Countries Absolute amount of GDP per capita, measured by PPP (in dollars of 1990) The ratio of countries’ GDP per capita to the world average France Germany United Kingdom Russia/USSR Argentina Brazil Chile Mexico Venezuela World in average *)

For comparison of Uruguay with Denmark Dieter Sengaas. The European Experience: A Historical Critique of Development Theory. Leamington Spa, Dover (N.H.): Berg Publishers, 1985 (1-st published in Frankfurt-am- Main, 1982, in German)

The ratio of some Latin American and European countries’ (including Russia/USSR) GDP per capita to the world average, Countries France Germany/FRG United Kingdom Russia/USSR Argentina Brazil Chile Mexico Venezuela World in average *) 1. 00

Limits of Import Substitution Industrialisation to itself (Latin America) 1) A shortage of material, financial, and human resources; 2) Conservation of the internal central- peripheral structure; 3) Necessity to enlarge importation of capital goods and to maintain the traditional export; 4) Impossibility to redistribute national income in extending degree

Brazil – dynamics of GDP ( ) and the public external debt ( )

Brazil – skyrocketing growth of the external debt, 1978 – 1980 – 1985, billions US$

Two generations of ‘tigers’ The first-tier ‘tigers’ - Hong Kong - Singapore - Taiwan - South Korea The second-tier ‘tigers’ - Malaysia - Thailand - Indonesia (‘semi- tiger’) - The Philippines (‘under-tiger’)

GDP p/c (US$ of 1990 on PPP) –

Brazil Mexico Hong Kong Singapore Taiwan South Korea Ghana Congo, DR (Zaire)

Flying Geese Model K. Akamatsu. A Historical Pattern of Economic Growth in Developing Countries. – The Developing Economies, vol. 1, N 1, March – August P. Korhonen. The Theory of the Flying Geese Pattern of Development and Its Interpretations. –Journal of Peace Research, vol. 31, N 1, M. Tateishi. Southeast Asian Flying Geese? – In: Southeast Asia’s Misunderstood Miracle: Industrial Policy and Economic Development in Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia. Ed. by K. S. Jomo. Boulder (Col.), Oxford: Westview Press, UNCTAD. Trade and Development Report N.Y., Geneva: UN, 1996, pp

The gross internal investments in fixed capital, as percentage of GDP, in East/Southeast Asian Newly Industrialising Countries, Countries Y e a r s Hong Kong Korea Singapore Taiwan, prov. n. a Indonesia 13.6 a)20.3 a)20.9 b) Malaysia Thailand

The gross internal investments in fixed capital, as percentage of GDP, in East/Southeast Asian Newly Industrialising Countries,

The Developmental State The Developmental State. Ed. by Meredith Woo-Cumings. Ithaca – London: Cornell University Press, 1999 Ha-Joon Chang. The East Asian Development Experience: The Miracle, the Crisis and the Future. London – New York: Zed Books, 2006

The colonial heritage and development