Class differences in cities Unskilled and uneducated poor and immigrants live in depleted slums Skilled workers live above their stores Educated middle-class live in comfortable homes Wealthy live in mansions in secluded areas

Slums by railroad tracks.

Pictures of Slums, circa 1890’s

Wealthy live in mansions with access to private parks

City sanitation and living problems Garbage collection was not a city service If you wanted services you paid for the actual cost of a sewer or street Wealthy and poor begin to live in specific areas of the city

Ethnic Neighborhoods Irish immigrants cluster in ethnic neighborhoods for support They build Catholic churches and form social and religious clubs Run their own fire and militia companies

The Factory System × Rigid schedule. × hour day. × Dangerous conditions. × Mind-numbing monotony.

Young Coal Miners And you think you have a difficult life?

Child Labor in the Mines Child “hurriers” I s doing your homework really that difficult?

18001 ton of coal50, 000 miners tons200, 000 miners million tons500, 000 miners million tons1, 200, 000 miners Coal Mining in Britain: Why was there such a great increase in the demand for coal? Coal Mining in Britain: Why was there such a great increase in the demand for coal?

Factory Wages in Lancashire, 1830 Why were children paid so little? Factory Wages in Lancashire, 1830 Why were children paid so little? Age of Worker Male Wages Female Wages under 11 2s 3d. 2s. 4d s. 1d. 4s. 3d s. 2d. 7s. 3d s. 2d. 8s. 5d s. 4d. 8s. 7d s. 8d. 8s. 9d s. 7d. 9s. 8d s. 3d. 9s. 3d s. 7d. 8s. 10d s. 4d. 8s. 4d s. 6d. 6s. 4d.

Industrial Staffordshire What countries are going through this today?

Problems of Polution The Silent Highwayman

The New Industrial City

Cuyahoga River catches on fire

Worker Housing in Manchester

Factory Workers at Home How many people lived in a typical 2-3 room apartment?

Unions Workers join together to try and improve pay, working conditions, and benefits.

Black list People who were caught trying to organize a union were put on a list and prevented from working in that town.

Marching on a picket line.

“Solidarity Forever!” by Ralph Chapin (1915) When the union's inspiration through the workers‘ blood shall run, There can be no power greater anywhere beneath the sun; Yet what force on earth is weaker than the feeble strength of one, But the union makes us strong! CHORUS: Solidarity forever, Solidarity forever, Solidarity forever, For the union makes us strong!

Child Labor

“Galley Labor”

Management vs. Labor “Tools” of Management “Tools” of Labor  “scabs”  P. R. campaign  Strike breakers  lockout  blacklisting  yellow-dog contracts  court injunctions  open shop  boycotts  sympathy demonstrations  Picketing informational  closed shops  organized strikes  “wildcat” strikes

A Striker Confronts a SCAB!

Labor Union Membership

Picket lines sometimes became violent.

The longer a strike went the more difficult it was especially for the workers

A Black List was… A.) List made by owners of factories of people who were trying to form unions B.) List made by workers of factories of people who were trying to form unions C.)List of detentions given by the teacher

A Lock out was used by… A.) Owners B.) Workers C.) Both

A picket line tried to stop what from crossing and going in the factory? A.) Materials for factories B.) SCABS (replacement workers) C.) Striking workers A.) All of the above