FOUNDATIONS REVIEW Agricultural Revolution to 600 CE

Agricultural Revolution  Small groups of hunter-gatherers  Relative equality between the sexes  Agriculture had several different centers of origin  From agriculture, specialization & cities arose

River Valley Civilizations  Irrigation  Sumer (5000 BCE), Tigris & Euphrates –Traded widely to acquire resources not found in Mesopotamia –First writing? Gilgamesh  Egypt (5000 BCE), Nile –Three major periods- Old, Middle & New Kingdoms –Extremely religious  Indus Valley, Indus River- very unpredictable –Traded with China

Bronze Age Civilizations  Shang China ( BCE) –Military rule over a small area –Bronze metallurgy from SW Asia  Zhou China ( BCE) –Mandate of Heaven –Decentralized –Period of Warring States (Confucius/Mencius, Lao Tzu) –IRON  Bantu –African farmers- IRON  Hittites

Late Bronze Age  Olmecs BCE –Meso-Americans, advanced Maya predecessors  Celts 500 BCE –Warlike Europeans  Neo-Assyrians BCE –Ruthless conquerors/preservers of knowledge?  Israelites, set up kingdom ~1000 BCE –Diaspora  Phoenicians –Traders, sailors BCE

Classical Civilizations  Persians ( BCE) –Roads –Satrapies –Indo-Europeans –Zoroastrianism  Greeks ( BCE) –Geography creates separate city-states –Athenian Empire –Social inequalities –Philosophy & culture –Alexander the Great- Hellenistic Period- Syncretism

Classical Civilizations, cont.  Rome 753 BCE to 476 CE –Republic, then Empire –Latifundia/slavery –Pax Romana –Christianity –Splits into East and West  Han China 207 BCE to 220 CE –Centralization begun under Qin Shihuangdi –Legalism and Confucianism –Imperial University –Very patriarchal

India  Aryan migrations BCE Indo Europeans  Vedic Age- Early Hinduism  Caste System  Mauryan Empire BCE –Well organized administration –Trade –Ashoka converts to Buddhism  Gupta Empire CE –Smaller than Mauryan

SE Asia and Silk Road  Bactrians/Kushans –Wield significant control over India in between Mauryans and Gupta –Control trade between China & Middle East  SE Asia –Hinduism, kingship spreads from India –Buddhism also spreads –Ex. Funan, Srivijaya