Ch 15: Brain and Cranial Nerves Discuss the organization of the brain, including the major structures and their functions Describe the meninges of the spinal cord and brain, and integrate the formation and flow of CSF with this information. Describe the structures that constitute the BBB and their functions Review the cranial nerves, again giving a brief function of each.

Major Brain Subdivisions Telencephalon (= Cerebrum) Diencephalon (Thalamus and hypothalamus) Mesencephalon Metencephalon (Pons and cerebellum) Myelencephalon (= Medulla oblongata) Brainstem

Gray & White Matter Organization In brain stem similar to spinal cord (nuclei around ventricles, tracts on outside) In cerebrum and cerebellum: white matter covered with layer of neural cortex (grey)

Cranial Meninges 2. Arachnoid - spidery, holds blood vessels 3. Pia mater - "delicate mother" 1. Dura mater - strong, "tough mother" a. falx cerebri b. falx cerebelli c. tentorum cerebelli

Longitudinal fissure Arachnoid granulations: This is where the CSF produced in the choroid plexuses of the ventricles and which has circulated into the subarachnoid space is reabsorbed.

Four Ventricles Lined by ependymal cells CSF filled chambers Communicating with central canal of spinal cord Lined by ependymal cells

CSF: Cerebro-Spinal Fluid Formation in ventricles by specialized ependymal cells of choroid plexuses (~500 mL/day; total volume ~ 150 mL) Functions transport medium, in shock absorption buoyancy (floats the brain) CSF circulation: Ventricles → central canal → subarachnoid space Reabsorption into circulation via arachnoid granulations into superior sagittal sinus. Fig 15.6 Buoyancy: brain weight in air: about 1.4 kg – in CSF about 50 g (= 97% lighter) because it is only a little denser than the CSF. Protects brain from crushing itself. Arachnoid granulations only appear at about 3 years of age. Infants are therefore especially sensitive to alterations or hyperactivity of the choroid plexuses.l

Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) what is it? 3 areas in brain don’t have BBB portion of hypothalamus pineal gland (in diencephalon) choroid plexus Alcohol, nicotine and anesthetics can diffuse through BBB. Blood borne toxins (urea, food toxins, bacterial toxins) cannot get through. Recent discovery: During prolonged emotional stress the tight junctions of the BBB are opened.

Cerebrum Two hemispheres separated by longitudinal fissure Gyrus (gyri) separated by sulcus (sulci) Major lobes named after overlaying bones

Cerebral Hemispheres . . . . . have functional regions (motor, sensory and association areas) . . . have some functional differences (in spite of anatomical resemblance) → Lateralization of cortical functioning . . . receive information and generate commands for opposite side of body In 90-95% of people left side has more control over language, math and logic. Right side is more involved withy visual-spatial skills, intuition, emotion, artistic and musical skill.

Cerebral Cortex and Central White Matter Gray surface (cortex) with white tracts internally Commissures – connect corresponding gyri of the two hemispheres 1) corpus callosum 2) anterior commissure Projection tracts (fibers) – connect more or less vertically Association tracts (fibers) – connect one gyrus to another in the same hemisphere

Basal (or cerebral) Nuclei Misnomer: basal ganglia Gray matter internal to the cerebral cortex, below floor of lateral ventricles. Function: modulate motor output from the cerebral cortex. Subconscious control of skeletal muscle tone and coordination of learned movement patterns. Parkinson's disease is caused by the loss of at least 80% of the dopaminergic neurons in basal nuclei and substantia nigra (resting tremor) Fig 15.11 Substantia nigra is in mesencephalon

Diencephalon Epithalamus Thalamus (~12 nuclei) Hypothalamus Pineal gland - produces melatonin, sets diurnal cycles Thalamus (~12 nuclei) Hypothalamus Just superior to optic chiasma Infundibulum - connects to pituitary gland Some functions: Control of autonomic nervous system Coordination of nervous and endocrine systems Secretion of hormones - ADH and oxytocin Thalamus = 80% of diencephalon. Gateway (relay station) to the cerebral cortex not just for sensory input but for all info. Processing and editing also takes place. About 12 nuclei Hypothalamus also about 12 nuclei. Main visceral control center of the body

Mesencephalon) = Midbrain Corpora quadrigemina = 2 pairs of sensory nuclei Superior colliculi (relay station for visual information) Inferior colliculi (relay station for auditory information Substantia nigra - regulates motor output Cerebral peduncles - ascending and descending tracts to thalamus Nuclei of ori for CN III and IV

Metencephalon: Cerebellum Hemispheres and lobes Cortex -gray surface with folia - fine ridges and sulci - grooves between the ridges Purkinje cells , axons of which become arbor vitae (white matter) in center Regulation of posture and balance

Metencephalon: Pons Myelencephalon: Medulla oblongata Mostly ascending and descending tracts Nuclei of ori for many cranial nerves Location of autonomic nuclei involved in respiratory and cardiovascular control Relay stations for sensory and motor neurons

Cranial Nerves Twelve pairs: Classification ? 2 attach to forebrain (Telen- & Diencephalon) 10 attach to brainstem (Mes-, Met- and Myelencephalon) Names relate to appearance or function Classification ?

Olfactory Nerve (= CN or N I) 1º function? Origin? Destination? _____________(By way of cribiform plate of ethmoid) Only CN directly attached to Cerebrum

Optic Nerve (N II) 1º fu? ori? dest? - by way of optic foramen of sphenoid to Diencephalon (optic chiasma) and to occipital lobe

Oculomotor (N III) C: Motor O: Mesencephalon D: Somatic motor to superior, inferior, medial recti and inferior oblique; visceral motor to intrinsic eye muscles by way of superior orbital fissure

Trochlear (N IV) C: Motor O: Mesencephalon D: superior oblique by way of superior orbital fissure

Trigeminal (N V) C: Mixed three major branches 1. ophthalmic (sensory) 2. Maxillary (sensory) 3. Mandibular (mixed) O: face / nuclei of pons D: sensory nuclei in pons / muscles of mastication

Abducens (CN VI) C: Motor O: Pons D: Runs lateral rectus eye muscle

Facial (N VII) C: Mixed O: sensory from taste receptors of anterior 2/3 of tongue / motor from pons D: Sensory to sensory nuclei of pons / motor muscles of facial expression, visceral motor to tear gland.

Vestibulocochlear (N VIII) D Vestibulocochlear (N VIII)

Glossopharyngeal (CN IX) C: mixed O: sensory from posterior 1/3 of tongue / motor from medulla oblongata D: medulla / muscles for swallowing, parotid gland

Vagus (N X) C: Mixed O: Sensation from pharyngeal area and outer ear / motor from medulla D: Sensory to medulla / visceral motor to thoracic and abdominal cavities and their organs. Major motor pathway for ANS

Accessory (N XI) and Hypoglossal (N XII) C: Motor O: Motor nuclei of medulla and spinal cord D: Swallowing, trapezius & scm muscles Hypoglossal (N XII) O: Motor nuclei of medulla D: Tongue musculature Scm = sternocleido mastoid muscle

Mnemonic Out On Our Table Top Are Fruits, Very Green Veggies And Hamburgers The End