WHAP review

Foundation Review

The Big Thematic Picture  Theme 1: Patterns and effects of interaction  Theme 2: Dynamics of changes and continuity  Theme 3: Effects of technology, economics and demographics

 Theme 4: Systems of social structure and gender structure  Theme 5: Cultural, intellectual and religious developments  Theme 6: Changes in functions and structures of states

Some Things to Remember  Exchange of goods and ideas over large distances: the Silk Road, Indian Ocean Trade and the Mediterranean Trade  The discovery/use of agriculture quickened the pace of life, and organized areas into sedentary civilization  As sedentary civilizations developed, social structures and gender roles cemented

 Major world religions developed during this period and spread along trade routes  Civilizations became more complex and structured as time moved on

The Bookends  8,000 BCE marks the development of Agriculture and its spread to the four “River Valley Civilizations” (Mesopotamia, Egypt, Indus Valley, Huang He)  600 CE marks the time by which all the classic empires had fallen

Details- Neolithic Revolution  Early modern humans seemed to have developed farming over time, dropping seeds one year and then harvesting the “crops” the next. This led to settled, formal farming  Domestication and breeding of animals was also an important invention

 Some humans decided to settle in villages and soon were able to create a surplus of food. This led to diversification of labor, the creation of government structures, and the payment of taxes!  Other humans chose to become pastoral nomads and move with their animal herds

Details- Technology  Metallurgy- First copper, then bronze, then iron. These increasingly harder metals aided agriculture tremendously. They also provided increasingly sophisticated weapons  Wheel- first used by the Sumerians; proved helpful in agriculture, trade and warfare

 Hydrological technology- waterwheels, windmills, aqueducts proved instrumental in meeting the water needs of large populations as well as the irrigation required in drier areas

Details- Demography  World’s population increased rapidly with the advent of farming and domesticated animals  Waves of diseases “plagues” increase in frequency with increased population density  Many classic empires promote population expansion

Details- Social and Gender Structures  Ownership of land signified power  Kings were usually divine and had absolute power  Gender roles emerged as farming expanded. Men worked in the fields while women stayed in the house  Who’s Your Daddy Phenomenon and women lost power  Religion cements and justifies social and gender structure

Details- Cultural and Intellectual Expressions  Emergence of religions- the emergence of the “Classical Age” or “Axial Age” (emergence of core belief or philosophical structures of a society)  Monumental architecture- Kings “show off” their power by building big buildings for either themselves or the state’s religion

 Writing as record keeping become paramount, writing develops  Mathematics- number systems develop, India creates the “Arabic numbers and algebra”  Engineering

Details- Structure and Function of State  First- relatively small states “city-states”  Then- large coercive tribute empires  Empires followed Conrad Demarest model- grow large and wealthy, then too large and fragment  Taxes paid by the farmers/ peasants for the enjoyment of the elite. Agricultural surplus allows for a large army

Trade- Can’t live without it!  Trade, especially over land is important  Begins as relatively informal networks  Nomadic pastoralists instrumental in development of long-distance trade  Ideas, diseases, religions, goods travel  Silk Road, Mediterranean Sea, Indian Ocean  Silks, Spices, Cotton travel east to west  Glassware, wool and linen, olive oil travel west to east

Movement of People  Bantu Migration across Africa  Polynesian Migration across Pacific Ocean

Review

The Six Things to Remember 1.Tremendous growth in trade due to improvements in technology 2.Major technological developments 3.Movement of people greatly altered the world 4.Religion preached equality of all before God 5.Spread of religion and trade acted as a unifying force 6.Political structures of many areas adapted and changed to the new conditions of the world

The Bookends  600- great classical empires have fallen  632- coming of Islam  trade increases both by land and sea  Fall of Constantinople and decline of Silk Roads  Europe looks westward toward the Atlantic

Details- Growth in Trade  Long Distance trade increased tremendously  Silk Road benefited from big empires and peace (Islamic Caliphate, Mongol Empire)  Indian Ocean Trade  Trans-Saharan Trade  Mediterranean Trade

Details- Technology  Maritime Compass (south pointing needle) Improved ship building technology (rudders, hulls, sails)  Overland Camel saddle Stirrup  Defense Short bow gunpowder

Details- Movement of peoples  Bantu peoples moved along Congo River and further south and east in Africa. (Evidence- Bantu languages)  Vikings moved along rivers and oceans into Europe and even the new world. (Viking ships = horses of other nomads)  Turks and Mongols moved southward and westward from the steppes of Asia bringing Bubonic plague to China and Europe

 Polynesian migrations with canoes to the islands in the Pacific

Details- Social Structure and Gender Structure  Religions such as Buddhism, Christianity, Islam preached equality of all peoples (social classes as well as genders)  Societies are still very unequal and patriarchal  Some religions like Buddhism and Christianity allow women to have monastic roles, which gives them choices. Sufi Islam has leadership roles for women “sheiks”

Details- Spread of Religions and trade= spread of cultural ideas  Christianity spread in Europe and eastern Mediterranean. Unifying force during political fragmentation  Buddhism spread in Asia- especially SE Asia where islands had a trade relationship with India  Islam spread cultural and religious ideas as it expanded under the Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates

 Confucianism spread as China’s influence grew in East and SE Asia

Details- Governments  Centralized Empires Tang and Song in China Byzantine in Eastern Mediterranean Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates in greater Central Asia  Decentralized Regions Western Europe Japan  Mongol Empire (changed political and economic structures)

Changes and Continuities  Change: Classic empires have fallen and new ones have been created  Change: migrations of nomadic peoples cause major international changes and diffusion of ideas and diseases  Continuity: religion continues to be important and continues to spread

 Continuity: trade routes continue to grow in importance  Continuity: societies continue to be patriarchal

6 Things to Remember  Americas are included in world trade for the first time  Improvements in shipping and gunpowder technology continue  Populations are in transition  New social structures emerge based on race and gender  Traditional beliefs are threatened in Europe but reinforced in China  Empires are both land-based and cross oceanic

The Bookends  Beginning of European Atlantic Empires  beginning of global trade  End of Islam in Europe  end of Chinese treasure ship expeditions  beginning of industrialization  western hemisphere colonization peaks

Details- Going Global  Trade is extended through all parts of the world  Europe finally gains access to Asian trade routes and attempts to control them through choke points- fail  Europe uses American raw materials- especially silver- to trade with Asia  Columbian Exchange

Details- Technology  Spread of shipping technology to Europe as a result of the crusades and experiments by Henry the Navigator  Improvements in gunpowder technology- muskets and cannons

Details- Demography  Disease killed millions of native Americans  Africans were forcibly transported to the new world for work in plantation agriculture  Populations grew as new calorie-rich foods were brought from the new world  Populations migrated to harsher climates as food crops became available  Populations migrated from the old world to the new world

Details- Social and Gender structures  Americas- Castas system  Muslim areas (Ottomans, Mughals)- women in the harems wielded considerable power behind the scenes  China- power struggle between the Eunuchs and Scholar Gentry

Details- Cultural and Intellectual Expressions  Europe- Renaissance and Reformation reduces the power of the Catholic Church and challenges old beliefs  China ends contact with the outside world as neo-Confucianism dominates

Details- Structure and Function of State  Empire remains the predominant political structure. It is a coercive tribute system  European states such as Spain and Portugal, but also France, England and the Dutch prefect overseas empires by claiming territory in the western hemisphere  Qing, Russia, Mughals, Ottomans and Safavids are powerful land-based empires

Trade- Can’t live without it!  Global trade is THE thing this time period  Core-Periphery theory: Core states are manufacturing states Periphery states provide raw materials Semi-periphery supply both  Three Core zones: China India West

Changes and Continuities  Change: The Americas are added to world trade network  Change: Europe becomes a Maritime area  Continuity: Trade is really important  Continuity: Religions continue to adapt to new times, but very important  Continuity: Diffusion of ideas and diseases as people come into contact with each other

Three Things to Remember  Industrialization caused true world-wide interdependence. Intensification of core- periphery concept  Populations grew and people moved from the country into the cities to work in factories  Women gained some economic opportunities with the rise of factory work, but they did not gain political or economic parity

Three more things to remember  Western culture influenced Asia and Africa, especially because of imperialism  Rise of the Proletariat as a social force  Revolutions were inspired because of the Enlightenment ideals of the social contract and natural rights

The Bookends  beginning of the industrialization with the water frame in Manchester, England  first enlightenment revolution  1800’s- nationalism  1800’s- imperialism  emancipation of serfs and slaves  Eve of World War I

Details- Industrialization  Began in the textile industry of England but soon spread to other industries  Led to a desperate search for raw materials especially cotton, rubber and “drug foods”  Industrialized nations wanted competition- free markets for their finished products and deliberately out-maneuvered each other as well as destroyed local competing industries to achieve this

Details- Technology  New technology quickened the pace of life  Life was regulated by the clock  Time was standardized into time zones  Calendar was standardized  Postal systems and telephone and telegraph systems were standardized  Steamships and railroads made trans- oceanic and trans-continental transport cheaper and faster

Details- Demography  Free wage laborers were more desirable than slave labor because they were cheaper and more efficient  Populations grew as disease was eradicated, hygiene improved and food became cheaper

Details- Gender and Social Structures  Emancipation of slaves and serfs- form a proletariat class in the cities or a poor peasant class in the country  Women gained economic opportunities in the factories but were not paid equally  Middle class women separated themselves from their lower class counterparts by becoming exclusively domestic

 Rise of the middle class as a political and economic force  Revolutions  Proletariat also begin to have more power, especially with the organization of labor unions

Details- Cultural and Intellectual Expressions  African and Asian influences on European Art  Western intellectual thought- especially science and the enlightenment were highly influential to Asian and African areas  Traditional religious teachings continue to be influential and often form the backbone of anti-imperial activities

Details- Function and Structures of States  Enlightenment said that the government was needed to be responsive to the people (at least to males with property)  Some new nation-states experimented with democratic ideals (U.S., France and Britain)  Land-based empires (coercive tribute states) continued to enforce absolute rule and resisted enlightenment ideas  Latin America co-opted the ideas, but usually just as justification for maintaining Creole power

Core-Periphery Again!  European states- especially Britain, Germany, France and the Netherlands become cores  They conquer colonies  Old Core regions fall to semi-periphery (China) or the periphery (India and West Asia) as they become suppliers for raw materials  Russia and Japan rise to semi-peripheral regions  Latin America and Africa remain peripheral areas

Changes and Continuities  Change: Industrialization changed almost everything- the way people worked, lived, traveled, related to their families and communicated  Change: rise of the middle class and new government structures  Continuity: religion continues to be a force for conservatism  Continuity: patriarchal gender structure remains