PowerPoint Presentations for Philip G. Zimbardo Robert L. Johnson Vivian McCann Prepared by Beth M. Schwartz Randolph College This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program. Seventh Edition Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program. ISBN: Chapter 8 States of Consciousness Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

How Is Consciousness Related to Other Mental Processes? The brain operates on many levels at once—both conscious and unconscious.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Tools for Studying Consciousness Imaging devices: fMRI, PET, EEG Tell us which regions are active during various mental states. Mental rotation task: zoom-in tasks “How” conscious activity occurs

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Freud’s Levels of Consciousness Conscious Brain processes of which we are aware Unconscious Many levels of processing that occur without awareness

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Freud’s Levels of Consciousness Nonconscious Brain process that does not involve conscious processing (e.g., heart rate, breathing, control of internal organs) Preconscious Information that is not currently in consciousness, but can be brought into consciousness if attention is called to it

Alternate Views of Consciousness James’s Stream of Consciousness Awareness of ourselves and stimulations from our environment Two levels: area of focus, peripheral consciousness Modern Cognitive Perspective Computer metaphor Consciousness is the information and images that “appear on the screen.” Nonconscious is “the machinery quietly operating in parallel with consciousness.” Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

What Cycles Occur in Everyday Consciousness? Consciousness fluctuates in cycles that correspond to our biological rhythms and to patterns of stimulation in our environment.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved What Cycles Occur in Everyday Consciousness? Daydreaming Mildly altered state of consciousness alteration in which attention shifts inward to memories, expectations, desires, or fantasies, and away from the immediate situation

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Sleep and Dreaming Circadian Rhythms Jet lag Rapid Eye Movements (REM) Sleep paralysis Non-REM (NREM) Sleep REM Rebound

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved The Sleep Cycle

Stages of Sleep Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Why Do We Sleep? To conserve energy To restore the body (neurotransmitters, neuron sensitivity) To flush out useless information from the brain

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved The Need for Sleep Over the years, the need for REM sleep decreases considerably, while the need for NREM sleep diminishes less sharply.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Sleep Debt vs. the Circadian Clock Sleep Debt Deficiency caused by not getting the amount of sleep that one requires for optimal functioning Individual differences: ranges from six to nine hours

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Why We Dream: A Cross-Cultural Perspective Israelites: message from God African and Native American cultures: extension of waking reality Scientific approach: Dreams as meaningful events; dreams and memory Dreams as random brain activity Dreams as sources of creative insights

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Dreams as Meaningful Events Freud believed that dreams serve the following two functions: To guard sleep To serve as sources of wish fulfillment manifest vs. latent content Dream Content Varies by culture, gender, and age Frequently connects with recent experiences May help us form memories

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Dreams as Random Brain Activity Activation-Synthesis Theory Theory that dreams begin with random electrical activation coming from brain stem; dreams are the brain’s attempt to make sense of this random activity

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Sleep Disorders Insomnia Most common sleep disorder Insufficient sleep The inability to fall asleep quickly Frequent arousals, or early awakenings Sleep Apnea Respiratory disorder in which person intermittently stops breathing while asleep

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Sleep Disorders Night Terrors Screaming child in deep sleep Once awakened, the child has no memory of what mental events might have caused the fear.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Cataplexy sudden loss of muscle control that occurs before a narcoleptic sleep attack Sleep Disorders Narcolepsy Involves sudden REM sleep attacks accompanied by cataplexy

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved What Other Forms Can Consciousness Take? An altered state of consciousness occurs when some aspect of normal consciousness is modified by mental, behavioral, or chemical means.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved What Other Forms Can Consciousness Take? Hypnosis Meditation Psychoactive Drug States

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Hypnosis Hypnosis Induced state of altered awareness, characterized by heightened suggestibility and deep relaxation Hypnotizability Degree to which an individual is responsive to hypnotic suggestions

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Hypnosis as an Altered State Experts disagree about whether hypnosis involves: A distinct state of consciousness Hypnotizability Social processes such as role playing A dissociated state (Hilgard’s “hidden observer” view)

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Practical Uses for Hypnosis Hypnosis can have practical uses for: Researchers Psychological treatment Medical and dental treatment hypnotic analgesia: diminished sensitivity to pain while under hypnosis

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Meditation Meditation Form of consciousness change induced by focusing on a repetitive behavior, assuming certain body positions, and minimizing external stimulation

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Hallucinogens StimulantsDepressants Opiates Psychoactive Drug States Psychoactive Drugs Chemicals that affect mental processes and behavior by means of their effects on the brain

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Alter perceptions of the external environment and inner awareness; also called psychedelics Mescaline LSD PCP Cannabis Hallucinogens

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Highly addictive; produce a sense of well-being and have strong pain- relieving properties Morphine Codeine Heroin Methadone Opiates

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Slow down mental and physical activity by inhibiting transmission of nerve impulses in the central nervous system Barbiturates Benzodiazepines (e.g., Valium) Alcohol Depressants

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Arouse the central nervous system, speeding up mental and physical responses Cocaine Amphetamines Methamphetamine MDMA (Ecstasy) Caffeine Nicotine Stimulants

Altered States of Anesthesia Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Very different from sleep state General Anesthetics Substance that suppresses consciousness and awareness of pain No memory for the period of time Usually includes sedation and immobility