Non – Vascular Plants, Gymnosperms & Angiosperms Plants & Botany Non – Vascular Plants, Gymnosperms & Angiosperms

Plants Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Plantae What do we already know? Eukaryotic Autotrophic – photosynthetic Multicellular Have Chloroplasts Cell walls made of carbohydrate cellulose

Classification of Plants

Two Major Categories Non - Vascular Plants Vascular Plants

Non – Vascular Plants Smaller Plants No tube systems for transporting materials Live close to water to absorb nutrients by diffusion NO roots, stems, or leaves!!! EX: Mosses, Liverworts Where do you think these are in terms of evolution?

Vascular Plants Have tube-like cells to transport water, food, & minerals (similar to our veins!) Usually Larger Can live farther from water b/c they don’t rely on diffusion Phloem – tubes that move the food (sugar) DOWN from the food producing leaves Xylem – tubes that move water & minerals UP from the soil Two Types – Angiosperms & Gymnosperms

http://images. google. com/imgres. imgurl=http://universe-review http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://universe-review.ca/I10-24-vascular.jpg&imgrefurl=http://universe-review.ca/R10-34-anatomy2.htm&h=376&w=544&sz=54&hl=en&start=2&um=1&tbnid=Qi5FYw4BmpiS1M:&tbnh=92&tbnw=133&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dflower%2Bxylem%2Bphloem%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN

Adaptations for life on land Seed = embryo and food supply protected by a covering - prevents drying out, and helps seed dispersion Waxy Cuticle – prevents water loss (transpiration) Source: http://pubs.caes.uga.edu/caespubs/pubcd/images/2d.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Ginkgo_embryo_and_gametophyte.jpg/768px-Ginkgo_embryo_and_gametophyte.jpg

Adaptations continued… Spores – reproductive cell or gamete protected by a covering Stomata – pores in leaves that open and close for gas exchange (respiration!) Roots Stems Leaves – help absorb light for photosynthesis. (food energy!!) BIGGER = more photosynthesis Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Fern_spores_P1180804.jpg

Stomata Gas Exchange – Oxygen and water out, Carbon Dioxide in Controlled by guard cells

Adaptations continued… Source: http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/97/5597-004-AC4B60C5.gif Roots - Anchor Plant - Absorb water and minerals - Store starch and become food Stems - Transport materials - Support - Vascular System

Adaptations Cont… Leaves Flat, thin organ for photosynthesis High surface area http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://fig.cox.miami.edu/Faculty/Dana/leafshape.jpg&imgrefurl=http://fig.cox.miami.edu/Faculty/Dana/16002_12.html&h=272&w=720&sz=26&hl=en&start=21&um=1&tbnid=06KWY1jAiK2UrM:&tbnh=53&tbnw=140&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dsimple%2Band%2Bcompound%2Bleaf%26start%3D20%26ndsp%3D20%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN

Vascular Plants Gymnosperms NAKED seeds Angiosperms Flowering Plants – Coated Seeds Source: http://adamschneider.net/photos/2006-02-gr/image/img_0422.jpg

Gymnosperms Usually Conifers (Evergreen or Pine Trees) Make pine cones as the naked seeds for reproduction Wind Pollinated from male cone pollen to female cone Fertilized gamete (zygote) develops into an an embryo and is dropped to the ground http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conifer

Angiosperms – Flowering Plants Pollen produced in anther Where eggs are produced http://www.prairiefrontier.com/pages/flwrfamlys.html&h=99&w=130&sz=27&tbnid=DUOIA2M6J84J:&tbnh=99&tbnw=130&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dflower%2Bparts&hl=en&sa=X&oi=image_result&resnum=1&ct=image&cd=3 www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.prairiefrontier.com/pages/families/flwrparts.jpg&imgrefurl=http://

Stamen (male) Anther – makes pollen grains. When the grains are fully grown, the anther splits open to drop the pollen

Pistil (female) Stigma (sticky) Style Ovary (holds the ovules) Ovules (eggs)

Pollination Flowering plants use wind, insects, bats, birds, and mammals to transfer pollen from the male (stamen) part of the flower to the female (stigma) part of the flower Pollen is plant SPERM flying through the air!

Pollination When the insect visits another flower of the same type, the pollen will stick to the stigma. This is called pollination.

Co-evolution of bees & flowers Mutual evolutionary influence Flowering Plants – Angiosperms Need pollination Bees Use pollen and nectar as a food source

Fertilization The pollen travels to the ovary, where it joins with an ovule. This is called fertilization.