Macromolecules Re-test Review LSHS Science Department YM 2010
Hypothesis
Hypothesis A testable, possible explanation of an observation
Theory
Theory a well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations. (Ex: Theory of Plate Tectonics, Evolution, Cell Theory, Germ Theory, etc.)
What is a variable?
factors that may affect an experiment
Why are variables an important part of an experiment?
Because they are important to test the affect of changing only one variable in order to get accurate results
Controlled Experiment
Factors that the scientists keep the same in the experiment
What is a control?
a set of conditions used for comparison purposes
Why are controls an important part of an experiment?
So we can compare results to see if the experiment worked
Explain some possible reasons for inconsistent results in an experiment……
*didn’t: -record data correctly -make good observations -add correct chemicals
GRAPH 1: Analyze the graph below. Explain the data in the graph in complete sentences.
As more oxygen is made, the amount of enzyme, Catalase, increases
GRAPH 2: Analyze the graph below. Explain the data in the graph in complete sentences. A researcher investigated two groups of Drosophila (fruit flies). Population A was kept in a 0.5-L container. Population B was kept in a 1-L container.
1. At day 48, there were 150 flies in Group A and 400 flies in Group B. 2. There were more flies in Group B because they had more space to reroduce.
MACROMOLECULES Organic
Has the element Carbon
MACROMOLECULES Monomer
Small, simple units
MACROMOLECULES Polymer
Larger units made of monomers
MACROMOLECULES Polymerization
Process of creating large, macromolecules
MACROMOLECULES Macromolecule
MACROMOLECULES Macromolecules “giant molecules”
NUCLEIC ACIDS
Monomer: Nucleotide (phosphate, sugar & nitrogen base) Polymer: Nucleic Acid Function: Store and transmit genetic information Examples: DNA & RNA
CARBOHYDRATES
CARBOHYDRATES Monomer: Monosaccharide Polymer: Polysaccharides Function: Main source of energy in living things. Examples:Sugars & Starches
In the presence of a MONOSACCHARIDE and HEAT, it changes from BLUE to RED/ORANGE. Benedict’s solution.
In the presence of a starch, it changes from BROWN to BLUISH/BLACK. Lugol’s Iodine solution.
LIPIDS
LIPIDS Monomer: 3 fatty-acids and 1 glycerol head Polymer: Lipids Function: Waterproof coverings of cells, can be used for long-term energy storage. Examples: Fats, oils, waxes & steroids 1-Glycerol Head 3-Fatty Acid Tails
PROTEINS
PROTEINS Monomer: Amino Acids Polymer: Protein Function: Form muscles & bones, transport substances and control the rate of reactions in the body. Examples: Hair, nails and enzymes
ENZYMES Activation Energy
The energy needed to start a chemical reaction.
ENZYMES Catalyst
C hemicals that can speed up a chemical reaction.
ENZYMES Enzyme
Special types of proteins
ENZYMES Explain the process of how an enzyme works:
A biological catalyst that speeds up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy
ENZYMES What are the 4 factors that affect enzyme function:
1. Change in temperature 2. Change in pH 3. Denaturation 4. Substrate Concentration
ENZYMES What happens if ANY of these conditions are altered?
The enzyme will slow down or not even work
What does “denature” mean?
The proteins’ natural structure is permanently changed.
What would be the approximate pH in your stomach?
2