Inventory of greenhouse gas and ammonia emissions in Slovenia Jože VERBIČ Agricultural institute of Slovenia, Ljubljana

Methodology used for estimating emissions GHG: IPCC Greenhouse Inventory Reference Manual 1997 NH3: EMEP/CORINAIR 2002 Menzi et al. 1997 (Ammoniak-Emissionen in der Schweiz)

Structure of GHG emissions in agriculture

Structure of methane emissions

Structure of nitrous oxide emissions If indirect emissions and emissions due to fertilization with animal manures are attributed to animal production, cattle contribute 60 % of N2O.

Structure of ammonia emissions

Detailed method (Tier 2) Methane emission due to enteric fermentation in cattle production – dairy cattle Detailed method (Tier 2) Herd of dairy cattle disaggregated into 18 subclasses (from less than 1000 kg of milk to over than 9000 kg of milk yield per year) Theoretical diets were calculated by taking into account animal requirements and quality of local feeds for each individual subclass Methane emissions were calculated on the basis of gross energy intake – methane conversion rate 0.07 for milk yields up to 3000 kg per year and 0.06 for higher yields Total dairy cattle population was distributed to individual subclasses on the basis of data from official milk recording (Cattle Breeding Service) – extrapolated to data published by Statistical Office

Methane emission due to enteric fermentation in cattle production – dairy cattle Based on data from period 1985-1996 an equation was developed that enables the estimate on the basis of average milk production. Used for suckler cows

Detailed method (Tier 2) Methane emission due to enteric fermentation in cattle production – non-dairy cattle Detailed method (Tier 2) Gross energy intake estimated on the basis of animal requirements. Data on total live-weight gain (Statistical Office) distributed to classes of growing cattle (fixed values for heifers).

Methane emission due to enteric fermentation in cattle production – emission factors* Category of population EF (CH4) (enteric fermentation) Sub-category kg/head*year Cattle total Young cattle (under 1 year) 30 Young cattle (1-2 years) Breeding heifers 65.5 Heifers for fattening 66.6 Fatening bulls and steers Cattle over 2 years 75.1 Bulls for breeding 59.1 Dairy cows 93.4 Other cows 80.4 * Factors depend on production and are therefore not fixed

Methane emission from manure management - cattle Methane producing capacity (B0) Cows 0,24 m3/kg VS Other cattle 0,17 m3/kg VS Detailed method (Tier 2) Estimates based on volatile solids excretion which is calculated using the same approach as for enteric fermentation. Methane conversion factor has been calculated on the basis of partial methane conversion fractions for cool climate and proportions of individual manure storage types.

Manure management * census data corrected with regard to the lenght of grazing season ** estimates on the basis of census data on farm structure

Methane emission from manure management in cattle production – emission factors* 11.5 Other cows 12.7 Dairy cows 7.6 Bulls for breeding 6.3 Fatening bulls and steers Heifers for fattening 8.8 Breeding heifers Cattle over 2 years 7.7 Young cattle (1-2 years) 3.8 Young cattle (under 1 year) Cattle total kg/head*year Sub-category EF (CH4) (manure managem.) Category of population * Factors depend on production and are therefore not fixed

Methane emissions from pig production- enteric fermentation MARKET ORIENTED FAMILY FARMS 47 % SMAL SCALE FARM PRODUCTION 22 % LARGE PIG FARMS 31 % 1.5 kg of methane per year 1.5 kg of methane per year 2.33 kg of methane per year Average factor 1.67 kg CH4/pig

Methane emissions from pig production - manure management MARKET ORIENTED FAMILY FARMS 47 % SMAL SCALE FARM PRODUCTION 22 % LARGE PIG FARMS 31 % 0.5 kg VS/d 0.775 kg VS/d 0.5 kg VS/d solid 95 % liquid 5 % solid 56 % liquid 17 % anaer. dig. 12 % lagoon 15 % solid 5 % liquid 95 % 1.24 kg CH4/pig 5.25 kg CH4/pig 9.00 kg CH4/pig Average factor 5.74 kg CH4/pig

Methane emission in sheep, goats, horses and poultry Default factors suggested by IPCC (1997) have been considered.

Nitrous oxide emissions in animal production DATA ON ANIMAL POPULATION (Statistical Office) ESTIMATES ON N EXCRETION (IPCC, 1997) N EXCRETED IN HOUSING SYSTEMS N EXCRETED IN GRAZING SYSTEMS NH3 and NOX emissions Specific factors: Lagoons 0.001 kg N2O/kg N excr. Liquid 0.001 kg N2O/kg N excr. Solid 0.020 kg N2O/kg N excr. N in animal manure Indirect emissions N leaching Emissions from soils NO2 emisions

Nitrogen excretion in cattle (for N2O emisions) Dairy cows 100 kg/ year Other cows* Other cattle 70 kg/ year * To keep continuity from basis year

Nitrogen excretion in cattle (for N2O emissions) (for NH3 emissions) Dairy cows 100 kg/ year 105.5* kg/ year Other cows 70 kg/ year Other cattle 35 kg/ year * Related to milk production

Ammonia emissions - mass flow EXCRETED N Emission from animal housing N IN SLURRY AND MANURE STORES Emission from storage N IN ANIMAL MANURES Emission from spreading N IN SOIL

Example: Dairy cow- traditional tied system with beding N excretion 105.5 kg Manure with Urine bedding 43% 57% EF housing* 7% EF storage** opened 30% 15% covered 3% 1.5% EF spreading*** basic factor 60% 50% reduced factor 36% Example: Dairy cow- traditional tied system with beding * From excreted ** From soluble ex housing *** From soluble ex storage Total: 31 % of excreted N

Emissions of NH3-N (kg/year) in cattle production Dairy cattle Other cows Other cattle Grazing 5.3 3.9 1.8 Tied system 32.8 24.1 10.9 Slurry 40 29.5 13.3 Total herd 33.1 24.4 11.0

Reduction of GHG emissions from 1986 to 2000 (1986 = 1.00) Index Total emissions 0.84 Index Nitrous oxide 0,84 Manure management 0,65 Cattle 0,60 Pigs 0,85 Poultry 0,36 Sheep, goats, horses 2,46 Direct emissions from agricultural soil 0,89 Mineral fertilizers 1,14 Animal fertilizers 0,80 Symbiotic fixation 0,22 Grazing 1,58 Crop residues Indirect emissions 0,93 NH3 and NOX 0,90 Leaching 0,94 Index Methane 0,85 Enteric fermentation 0,92 Cattle 0,91 Pigs Sheep, goats, horses 2,21 Manure management 0,62 1,11 0,42 Poultry 0,38 1,51

Reduction of ammonia emissions From 1990 to 2002 ammonia emissions were reduced by 10 %.