Designing Smart Cities: Opportunities and Regulatory Challenges CREATe Conference University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, 31 March – 1 April 2015 The Emergence of SMART CCTV Professor William Webster Centre for Research into Information, Surveillance and Privacy (CRISP) University of Stirling

Components of a CCTV System Camera (lens), fixed or mobile, analogue or digital Telecoms infrastructure Visual display equipment, including camera controls Recording and storage equipment Control centre and storage facility Street furniture, including signage Operators, including operational training, skills and surveillance practices (monitoring protocols and norms) Operational guides, including Codes of Practice Regulation, including legislation Management processes, financial and performance indicators Accountability and oversight arrangements Links to criminal justice system

So, What Makes a Smart CCTV System? A CCTV system that is: More effective (at what?) More powerful? More sophisticated? More technologically advanced? Multi-functional or multi-purpose? More intelligent? Easier to use? Less invasive? Privacy enhancing? Cheaper?

A Typology of Public Space CCTV TypeFeatures ProactiveLive surveillance from a dedicated control room with recording, storage and playback facilities. Allows for an immediate response to incidents as they occur. ReactiveRecording, storage and playback facilities. Provides access to footage of incidents after the event has occurred. Non-activeNo monitoring, storage or playback facilities. Acts as a visual deterrent by using fake ‘cameras’ to create the illusion of surveillance. Auto-active ‘Smart’ Live computerised surveillance incorporating automated ‘intelligent’ systems. Can include data-matching.

Smart Developments in CCTV - integration - digitisation - automation - - expansion - standardisation - computerisation - Integration and standardisation of existing systems and practices – Centralised control centres Expansion and new technological components – Drones, head cams, mobile cameras, body worn cameras – Other sensors, infra-red, microwave, heat, sniffing, listening… Image recognition and analysis (Smart CCTV) – Face, movement and activity recognition – Object tracking and analysis – ANPR systems – Noise analysis Sophisticated integrated surveillance systems – Virtual tracking, identification and profiling

Smart CCTV No agreed definition of ‘Smart CCTV’ ‘A visual surveillance system that is integrated with other ICTs and is capable of automatically processing images alongside other digital information for predefined purposes’ – Image analysis – New sensory devices – New data integration capabilities Perceived to be ‘more intelligent’ Allows for mass ‘real’ (or real-time) surveillance, smaller human intervention (reduces cost) and quicker decisions

Privacy Friendly Smart CCTV Can ‘smart’ technologies be used to enhance aspects of privacy? The ‘blurring’ of personal data (faces) – Retrospective ‘unmasking’ The ‘masking’ of personal space and property CCTV ‘app’s’ and web-mapping ‘Sleeping’ cameras CCTV operator performance management systems – Targeted surveillance ANPR – automated deletion of records

Issues and Implications Are citizens – the surveyed – aware of what cameras and systems do? Is there a need for greater public awareness – and is this linked to the acceptability of systems? Would attitudes change is there was greater awareness of the ‘smartness’ of systems? To what extent are Smart CCTV systems a greater infringement on privacy than normal systems? How smart is smart – how reliable are smart systems? Is there robust evidence that Smart CCTV is more effective? Is Smart CCTV a good example of ‘function creep’? Does regulation need to evolve as the technology becomes smarter? How many systems are evolving into Smart CCTV systems? How do providers identify the most appropriate Smart CCTV systems? What are the driving forces for introducing Smart CCTV?