PowerPoint Presentation by Charlie Cook The University of West Alabama © 2007 Thomson/South-Western. All rights reserved. Asians and Asian Americans 6

© 2007 Thomson/South-Western. All rights reserved.6–2 Chapter Objectives After completing this chapter, readers should have a greater understanding of the roles of Asian Americans in diversity in organizations. Readers should expect to have increased awareness of the history of and diversity among Asians in the United States. be able to discuss participation rates, employment, and income levels of Asians. examine differences in educational return on investment for Asians when compared with other groups.

© 2007 Thomson/South-Western. All rights reserved.6–3 Chapter Objectives (cont’d) After completing this chapter, readers should have a greater understanding of the roles of Asian Americans in diversity in organizations. Readers should expect to be aware of research regarding Asians’ attitudes toward affirmative action, their experiences with the glass ceiling, and with individual and organizational discrimination. understand the “model minority myth” and similarities and differences among Asian Americans and between Asians and other minority groups.

© 2007 Thomson/South-Western. All rights reserved.6–4 Terminology Asian AmericanAsian American  A heterogeneous group of people having origins in the Asia Pacific region—people from the Far East, Southeast Asia, or the Indian subcontinent. Current ClassificationsCurrent Classifications  Asians and Pacific Islanders (API)  Native Hawaiians or other Pacific Islanders

© 2007 Thomson/South-Western. All rights reserved.6–5 History of Asians in the United States 1763Filipinos arrive as shipwrecked crewmen1763Filipinos arrive as shipwrecked crewmen 1843First Japanese immigrants arrive1843First Japanese immigrants arrive 1850sChinese immigrants began arriving1850sChinese immigrants began arriving Relevant LegislationRelevant Legislation  1882The Chinese Exclusion Act – the first federal legislation to bar immigrants based on national origin; Japanese immigration increased afterwards, work exchange similar to indentured servants  1908The Gentleman’s Agreement – limited Japanese worker immigration  1922U.S. Supreme Court rules Asians are ineligible for naturalized citizenship  1924National Origins Act (immigration quotas imposed)  1942Executive Order 9066 authorizes internment of Japanese Americans during WWII  1965Immigration and Nationality Act (removed immigration quotas)  1988 Civil Liberties Act authorized payments to 66,000 surviving internees

© 2007 Thomson/South-Western. All rights reserved.6–6 Selected EEOC Cases EEOC v. QPM Aerospace, Inc.EEOC v. QPM Aerospace, Inc.  Retaliation for hostile work environment complaint EEOC v. Pacific Micronesia Corp.EEOC v. Pacific Micronesia Corp.  Wrongful termination based on national origin for union organizing activities EEOC v. The Herrick Corporation d/b/a Stockton SteelEEOC v. The Herrick Corporation d/b/a Stockton Steel  Denial of equal employment opportunities  Hostile working environment/discrimination on basis of national origin

© 2007 Thomson/South-Western. All rights reserved.6–7 F IGURE 6.1 Asian Population by Detailed Group: Note: Includes those who report “Asian alone” or Asian in combination with any other group. Source: Barnes, J., & Bennett, C. (2002). The Asian Population: 2000,Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau, There are 13.5 million U.S. residents of Asian descent reporting Asian alone or Asian in combination with some other race(s). Now comprising 5% of the U.S. population, the Asian population increased more than 9% between the 2000 Census and 2004.

© 2007 Thomson/South-Western. All rights reserved.6–8 T ABLE 6.1 Educational Attainment by Race and Ethnicity for Population 25 Years and Older (in Percentages): 2003 Source: Stoops, N. (2004). “Educational Attainment in the United States: 2003.” Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau, accessed 06/19/05. Misperception:Asian Americans are well-educated. Reality:Some Asians are well-educated, while others are poorly educated, representing a bimodal distribution of educational attainment. See Table 6.2, p. 168 of text

© 2007 Thomson/South-Western. All rights reserved.6–9 T ABLE 6.2 Socioeconomic Statistics and Demographics for Selected Racial/Ethnic Groups *The median income is the income at which half the population in a category is below and half the population is above. Median incomes are generally lower than mean incomes. Note: All measures are percentages except income. Source: Adapted from Le, C. N. (2005). “Socioeconomic Statistics & Demographics.” Asian-Nation: The Landscape of Asian America, accessed 05/29/05. Misperception:Asians have higher incomes than Whites. Reality: Asians tend to live in high-cost areas and have more family members contributing to family income, making their earnings appear higher than they actually are.

© 2007 Thomson/South-Western. All rights reserved.6–10 T ABLE 6.3 Projected Labor Force Participation Rates (in Percent) Source: Table 4. Civilian labor force by age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin, 1992, 2002, and projected 2012, accessed 06/01/05.

© 2007 Thomson/South-Western. All rights reserved.6–11 F IGURE 6.2 Occupation Distribution of the White and API Employed Civilian Labor Force Source: The Asian and Pacific Islander Population in the United States: March 2002 (PPL-163), Table 11. Major Occupation Group of the Employed Civilian Population 16 Years and Over by Sex, and Race and Hispanic Origin: March 2002, socdemo/race/api.html, accessed 07/09/05. Key Fact: Although Asians are overrepresented in technical fields, they are less likely to be in management in such fields than other minority group members.

© 2007 Thomson/South-Western. All rights reserved.6–12 F IGURE 6.3 Earnings of Full-Time, Year-Round Workers 15 Years and Over, Note: Other includes all groups who are not Asian or non-Hispanic White. Source: Author’s calculations based on Current Population Survey, Asian and Pacific Islander Populations. Table 13. Earnings of Full-Time, Year-Round Workers 15 Years and Over in 2001 by Sex and Race and Hispanic Origin: March 2002, accessed 07/09/05.

© 2007 Thomson/South-Western. All rights reserved.6–13 Asians as the Model Minority The “Model Minority” StereotypeThe “Model Minority” Stereotype  The enduring and widely held perception of Asians as succeeding through hard work and determination  Fuels animosity toward Asians from other minority groups and Whites.  Asians are seen as “outwhiting the whites,” excelling even more in education and income than whites.  Ignores differences among Asians in education, income, and employment and understates the barriers and discrimination Asians face.  Asians face overt racist behavior and recognize and resist being portrayed as a “voiceless model minority.”

© 2007 Thomson/South-Western. All rights reserved.6–14 T ABLE 6.4 Mean Income in 2002 for Full-Time, Year-Round Workers by Race, Sex, and Hispanic Origin *Large standard error ($13,004) explains high mean wage for Hispanic women with master’s degree. Median of $46,255 is more representative. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Internet Release Date: June 29, Table 8. Income in 2002 by Educational Attainment of the Population 18 Years and Over by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, accessed 10/29/05. Key Fact:About 64% of Asian Indians, 50% of Chinese, and 14% of Vietnamese have completed college. Key Fact:Asians with college degrees earn about 10% less per year than Whites with college degrees.

© 2007 Thomson/South-Western. All rights reserved.6–15 T ABLE 6.5 Unemployment by Race and Hispanic Origin (in Percent) Source: accessed 10/22/04.

© 2007 Thomson/South-Western. All rights reserved.6–16 Asian American Entrepreneurs Why Asian Americans are more likely to start their own businesses than other minority groups:Why Asian Americans are more likely to start their own businesses than other minority groups:  The glass ceiling in other organizations  Limited language skills, low education, and few other opportunities  Informal networks among Asian immigrants make them more likely to start small businesses  Intentions of skilled Asian professionals to start professional businesses

© 2007 Thomson/South-Western. All rights reserved.6–17 F IGURE 6.4 Distribution of Asian and Pacific Islander Owned Firms Source: U.S. Census Bureau. (2001). “Asian- and Pacific Islander-Owned Businesses: 1997.” Misperception:Asian business owners are highly successful. Reality:Some Asian business owners are highly successful, while others marginally succeed due to long hours and unpaid labor of family members.

© 2007 Thomson/South-Western. All rights reserved.6–18 Individual and Organizational Recommendations Individual Asian AmericansIndividual Asian Americans  Should make their desire to be considered for management and other promotional opportunities known.  Obtain as much education as possible in their preferred, rather than “expected,” field. OrganizationsOrganizations  Should not overlook the Asians in nondiscrimination policies and affirmative action programs.  Should work to remove perceptual barriers and guard against perceptions of language difficulties where none exist.

© 2007 Thomson/South-Western. All rights reserved.6–19 Key Term Model minority—a nondominant group whose members are perceived to have achieved success through hard work and determination and who are perceived as those who should be used as the model or ideal for other nondominant groups to emulate.Model minority—a nondominant group whose members are perceived to have achieved success through hard work and determination and who are perceived as those who should be used as the model or ideal for other nondominant groups to emulate. This view ignores the realities of discrimination and exclusion that exist for Asians and similarities between Asians and other non- dominant group members.This view ignores the realities of discrimination and exclusion that exist for Asians and similarities between Asians and other non- dominant group members.