29.1- Taking on Segregation Lesson Objective: To understand the first major events of the Civil Rights Movement

Quiz /27 a)Civil Rights group made up mostly of college students b)Leader of the SCLC c)Her arrest started the Montgomery bus Boycotts d)Lawyer who won the Brown v. Board of Education case e)Gov. of Arkansas f)Civil Rights group founded by Martin Luther King Jr. 1.Thurgood Marshall 2.SCLC 3.Rosa Parks 4.Orval Faubus 5.SNCC

Judicial origins Post-Civil War Origins: 1868: 14 th Amendment: Did What? Guarantees all U.S. citizens equal protection and/or treatment under the law 1875: Civil Rights Act of 1875: Did what? Outlawed segregation in public facilities 1883: Supreme Court declares 1875 Civil Rights Act Unconstitutional 1896: PLESSY v. FERGUSON PLESSY v. FERGUSON: Origin: 1890: Louisiana passes law requiring railroads to provide “separate but equal” accommodations for “colored” and white passengers. 1896: Supreme Court decision: LA. State law does not violate the 14 th Amendment Origin of “separate but equal” justification for segregated public facilities, etc.

Judicial Origins Results? Segregated facilities were not “equal” State gov’ts., especially in South, begin passing Jim Crow laws Jim Crow: Laws specifically designed to place minorities at a disadvantage Examples? Schools, Voting rights, housing, etc. Large African-American migration to North during the WW I – WW II era

Jim Crow Era Lynching

World War II & Civil Rights World War II impacts Civil Rights: Why? FDR supported minority participation in war effort Eleanor Roosevelt, FDR’s wife, supported Civil Rights Wartime demands for troops, created new job opportunities for minorities, but not necessarily in the South Truman Administration supports integration of the military (1948) What road blocks did the Truman Administration face?

The NAACP Legal Strategy 20 th Century Origins: 1909: N.A.A.C.P. founded: Define 1938: NAACP prepares legal strategy to overturn standing court decisions: Describe: NAACP will present a series of cases that will slowly attack every aspect of legal / judicial discrimination Who? Thurgood Marshall is chosen to lead the effort (see bio., p.258) What are the advantages to this strategy? Thurgood Marshall statue, Annapolis, MD

Brown v. Board of Education Topeka, Kansas Plaintiffs- Brown Family, represented by Thurgood Marshall Defendants- Topeka Kansas Board of Education Chief Justice Earl Warren Why does Linda Brown have to attend a non-white public school? Court rules segregation unconstitutional- schools must integrate Overturns Plessy v. Ferguson

Marshall & fellow Lawyers celebrate Brown v. Bd. Of Ed. Decision, 1954

Little Rock Brown v. Board decision is not supported in many areas Problem What if state gov’ts. / schools resist integration of public schools? How will the U.S. Gov’t. enforce the Supreme Court’s decision? Problem realized: When? 1957 Where? Little Rock, Arkansas Why? Little Rock city gov’t. had begun plans to desegregate public schools GOVERNOR ORVAL FAUBUS runs for re-election Faubus uses segregation as a platform to get votes Faubus refuses to allow 9 African-Amer. students to enroll at Little Rock Central HS Faubus uses Arkansas National Guard to prevent integration What does the Federal Government/ Eisenhower do?

Governor Orval Faubus, Arkansas, 1957

Little Rock Crisis: Arkansas state gov’t. is violating Supreme Court decision So What? What if state is allowed to disregard Supreme Court decision? Result? Pres. Dwight Eisenhower informs Faubus students must be allowed to enroll Students known as the “Little Rock Nine” Faubus refuses Eisenhower sends U.S. Army (101 st Airborne Division) to ensure integration

U.S. Army Troops at Little Rock H.S., 1957

Rosa Parks Who? Seamstress & NAACP officer Where? Montgomery, AL When? Dec., 1955 Issue: Despite Brown decision, many states resisted the decision Montgomery’s Af.-Amer. population made heavy use of public buses Buses were still segregated Did What? Refused to move to another seat when ordered to by bus driver So What? Public challenge to segregation& Jim Crow laws

Montgomery Bus Boycott Parks arrested NAACP arranges boycott of city buses Protest movement develops; led by members of the Af.-Am. Religious community Who? REV. MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR. leads movement Why him? Speaking ability, charisma Montgomery bus boycott: 381 days Success Result? 1956: Supreme Court outlaws bus segregation

Protest Movements Develop Success of Montgomery bus boycott: Puts MLK in forefront of protest movement Proves NAACP organizing methods work Proves nonviolence can be successful protest method Where does NAACP get idea to use nonviolence? Various historical figures Examples? Jesus, Gandhi, etc. Why nonviolence?

S.C.L.C. and the S.N.C.C. S.C.L.C. - Define: Southern Christian Leadership Conference Led by MLK Organize public protests & train organization activists S.N.C.C. (otherwise known as “Snick”) Primary protest movement: “SIT-INS”: Define: Refusal to leave lunch counters in public restaurants until served or arrested Results? Widespread violence against protesters Widespread arrests Media coverage of protest movement increases So what?

Sit-ins

“Letter form a Birmingham Jail” Response Author, Audience, date, reason for writing it In a written response, identify what are the reasons behind MLK’s nonviolent protests and why he believes that this is the right course of action?