LIN 3201- Sounds of human language Manner of Articulation

Manners of Articulation Manner refers to how air is shaped in the vocal tract What we do to the airstream to constrict, obstruct or shape it producing different types of sound qualities Stops / Plosives Nasals (also called nasal stops) Fricatives Approximants Trills Taps / Flaps

Dimensions of the vocal tract Vertical Dimension – degree of closeness between articulators Transverse Dimension – whether the sound is obstructed centrally or laterally (which side?) 3. Time – momentary obstruction or maintainable obstruction lips tongue

Stops / Plosives Manner – when there is complete closure in the vocal tract blocking the airstream. [k][g] [][] [t][d] [c][]

Nasal stops Oral & Nasal Stops [m] [b] Oral & Nasal Stops Oral Stops – Velum blocks nasal cavity; air lows through mouth only; [p], [d], [k] Nasal Stops – Velum is lowered; air flows through mouth and nose; [m], [n]

Fricatives Manner – when articulators are close enough to create turbulence in the airstream but not close enough for complete closure.

Two types of fricatives 1. Sibilants = more acoustic energy, so relatively louder and higher in pitch. 2. Non-sibilants: less acoustic energy so relatively less loud and lower in pitch.

Approximant Manner – space between articulators is wider than fricative stricture. Turbulence is not created in this manner of articulation. * Check for IPA symbols for each position shown here

Fricatives and Approximants Any fricative can be turned into an approximant by widening the constriction until the friction ceases. Fricative Approximant Labiodental [ v ] [  ] Alveolar [ z ] [  ] Retroflex [  ] [  ] Palatal [  ] [  ]