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Three Sister Farming

Corn Culture This statue of a corn goddess made between 200 and 600 B.C.E. vividly illustrates the centrality of corn to native American peoples, a thousand years before the rise of the great Incan and Aztec empires that the Europeans later encountered.

New Maritime Technologies Hartman Astrolabe (1532) – Uses the stars to tell time Better Maps Sextant – helps determine location Mariner’s Compass

New Weapons Technology

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Encomienda

Christofo Colon [ ]

Columbus’ Four Voyages

Ferdinand Magellan & the First Circumnavigation of the World: Early 16 c

–Potatoes in all of Ireland in 1491: zero Tomatoes in all of Italy in 1491: zero Peppers in all of Spain in 1491: zero Strawberries in all of England in 1491: zero Cocoa beans in all of Switzerland in 1491: zero Ears of corn in all of Europe in 1491: zero –Horses on the Great Plains of North America in 1491: zero Coffee plants in South America in 1491: zero Cane sugar plants in the Caribbean in 1491: zero Fields of bluegrass in Kentucky: zero Wheat stalks in all of the Americas in 1491: zero –Major diseases transmitted from the Old World to the New World after 1492: smallpox, influenza, typhoid fever, cholera, scarlet fever, yellow fever, malaria, measles, tuberculosis, bubonic plague –Major diseases transmitted from the New World to the Old World after 1492: syphilis –European cities more populous than the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan in 1515: none –Rank of the Inca among largest empires in the world in 1492: 1

The “Columbian Exchange”  Squash  Avocado  Peppers  Sweet Potatoes  Turkey  Pumpkin  Tobacco  Quinine  Cocoa  Pineapple  Cassava  POTATO  Peanut  TOMATO  Vanilla  MAIZE  Syphilis  Olive  COFFEE BEAN  Banana  Rice  Onion  Turnip  Honeybee  Barley  Grape  Peach  SUGAR CANE  Oats  Citrus Fruits  Pear  Wheat  HORSE  Cattle  Sheep  Pigs  Smallpox  Flu  Typhus  Measles  Malaria  Diptheria  Whooping Cough  Trinkets  Liquor  GUNS

The Scourge of Smallpox This Peruvian infant, depicted about 1700, was ravaged by the dread European disease and placed in a crude quarantine.

Fernando Cortez The First Spanish Conquests: The Aztecs Montezuma II vs.vs.

Artists’ Rendering of Tenochtitlán Amid tribal strife in the fourteenth century, the Aztecs built a capital on a small island in a lake in the central Valley of Mexico. From here they oversaw the most powerful empire yet to arise in Mesoamerica. Two main temples stood at the city’s sacred center, one dedicated to Tlaloc, the ancient rain god, and the other to Huitzilopochtli, the tribal god, who was believed to require human hearts for sustenance.

Tenochtitlán

Mexico Surrenders to Cortez

The Colonial Class System Peninsulares (Spanish born Spaniard) Creoles (Colonial born Spainard) Mestizos (Spanish and Indian) Mulattos (Spanish and black) Native Indians Black Slaves

Treasures from the Americas!

New Colonial Rivals