Kingdoms of Modern Life

Kingdom Monera (“Monerans”) Smallest and simplest lifeforms Unicellular (one-celled) no nucleus Bacteria and cyanobacteria

Bacteria Three basic shapes: round (cocci) rod (bacilli) spiral (spirilli)

Kingdom Protista(“Protists”) Single-celled or multicellular more complex than organisms in Kingdom Monera nucleus protozoans (animal-like) algae (plant-like)

Protozoans Kingdom Protista no cell wall or chlorophyll internal digestion no locomotion (some)

Algae Cell walls Chlorophyll Photosynthetic Placed in groups according to color and structure

Kingdom Fungi Multicellular; complex cell walls, no chlorophyll Threadlike fungi (bread mold) club fungi (mushrooms) sac fungi (yeast and mildew)

Kingdom Plantae Multicellular, cell walls, and chlorophyll Largest and longest-living things on Earth Vascular or Nonvascular

Nonvascular Plants CANNOT conduct water Example: Moss Moist environment

Vascular Plants CAN conduct water Capable of living in drier areas Club mosses, Ferns, Horsetails, Gymnosperms, and Angiosperms

Gymnosperms Seed plant name means “naked seed” Most are conifers

Angiosperms -Flowering Plants Seed plant name means “covered seed” Seeds are produced inside ovaries A ripened ovary is a fruit largest/most diverse plants

Sponges (invertebrate) Simplest of the animal groups lives in salt water attached to the bottom Hollow central cavity Two layers of body cells with tiny pores

Coelenterates (invertebrate) Jellyfish, hydras, and corals two cell layers Live in water hollow body with a single opening

Flatworms (invertebrate) Flattened body; mostly parasitic one body opening two eyespots (light detection) Turbellarians (free-living) Planarians (freshwater Turbellarians)

Roundworms (invertebrate) Rounded shaped two body openings (eating and waste expulsion) mostly free-living Ex: Nematodes and hookworms

Segmented Worms (invertebrate) Rounded, segmented bodies two body openings has five hearts and a brain Ex: leeches and marine tube worms

Mollusks (invertebrate) Soft-bodies, no shell: (octopus/squid) well-developed organs some with shells: (clams/oysters)

Arthropods (invertebrate) Largest group of animals multiple body segments jointed appendages (legs/arms) exoskeleton (hard outer covering)

Arthropods (continued) Well-developed organs insects, lobsters, crabs, and spiders

Echinoderms (invertebrate) Spiny skinned animals star fish (sea stars), sand dollars, sea cucumbers flexible arms; tube feet known for regeneration (ability to grow new body parts)

Vertebrates Have backbones body with a head and most have appendages endoskeleton (internal skeleton for support/protection)

Vertebrates (continued) Endotherm (warm- blooded); these organisms can control their body temperature from within despite changes in the environment

Vertebrates (continued) Ectotherm (cold-blooded); body temperature changes with the environment

Jawless fishes Ex: Sea lamprey mouth is used for sucking fluids; no appendages (fins) flexible skeleton made of cartilage ectotherms

Cartilaginous Fishes Two pairs of fins; gills ectotherms strong teeth (sharks) SKELETON MADE OF CARTILAGE stingrays, skates, sharks

Bony fishes Flounder, eels, trout, and others SKELETON MADE OF BONE gills streamlined bodies (narrow shape) most numerous group of fish

Amphibians Frogs, toads, salamanders part of their life is spent on land and part of life is spent in the water; (ectotherms) smooth, moist skin gills when they are young and have lungs as adults

Reptiles Adapted to live on land (terrestrial) breathe with lungs body covered with plates or scales ectotherms

Reptiles Dinosaurs Turtles, snakes, lizards, crocodiles, and alligators lay eggs in a leathery shell

Birds Bodies adapted for flight (light, bones, feathers, and wings) Scaly legs and feet lay eggs in a hard shell endotherms

Mammals Advanced nervous system; highly developed brain Endotherms Hairy bodies can occupy several habitats give birth to live young; produce milk mammary glands