Acids any substance that produces H+ when dissolved in water 2 types –Binary – hydrogen and one other element –Oxyacids – contains hydrogen and oxygen P

Naming Acids Binary 1.Use the prefix hydro for hydrogen 2.Use the root of the 2 nd element and add -ic 3.Write the word acid HF, HBr, HI, HCl Note: If a polyatomic ion does not contain oxygen these rules apply. Use the root of the polyatomic. HCN – hydrocyanic acid P

Naming Acids - continued Oxyacids –Depends on the oxyanion (polyatomic ion containing oxygen) 1.Use the root of the oxyanion 2.Add the suffix 3.Write the word acid ate = ic ite = ous P Questions –

Naming Bases An ionic compound that produces hydroxide ions when dissolved in water Ca(OH) 2 – calcium hydroxide NaOH – Sodium hydroxide Named like other ionic compounds.

Chemical Reactions Rearrangement of atoms from one or more substances to form new substances –Bonds must break and then reform Indicators of a reaction –Temp –Smell –Color –Bubbles –Solid formation

Collision Theory P Reacting substances must collide. 2.Collisions must be in the correct orientation. 3.Reacting substances must collide with sufficient kinetic energy to form the activated complex. Activated complex – unstable arrangement of atoms that forms momentarily at the peak of the activation energy barrier. P. 581 Q 13, 14

AKA - Transition State Energy does not equal the activation energy CO(g) + NO 2 (g)  CO 2 (g) + NO(g)

Bonds Break Bonds Reform

Bonds Break Bonds Reform

Universe = system + surroundings Hands, air, etc….. Exothermic Reaction

Endothermic Reaction

Law of Conservation of Mass P the amount of matter in a reaction cannot change it must be conserved Reactants Products Mass = Mass # of atoms = # of atoms

P. 323 Indicates heat is supplied to the reaction: Δheat → Indicates a catalyst is used: Pt →

Word vs. Skeleton Equations Which contains more information? Hint : Single atom gases are diatomic, Cl 2 (g) not Cl (g) BrINClHOF’s P.324 Q 1 and 2

coefficients

Balancing Equations (p. 327) Write a skeleton equation. Count the atoms of the reactants and products. Add coefficients Write coefficients in the lowest whole number ratios. –If fractions are used you must multiply every group by the number that cancels the fraction

Balance each of the following : P. 327 Q 3 and 4 P. 328 Q 5 and 6 P. 329 Q 10-12

Synthesis/Combination Reactions P. 330 P. 331 Q 13 and 14 O 2 (g) + 2 H 2 (g)  2H 2 O (l) Would the formation of water release heat(exothermic) or absorb heat(endothermic)? Use the bond enthalpy chart.

Decomposition Reactions P. 332 P. 332 Q 15 and 16 2HCl (g)  H 2 (g) + Cl 2 (g) Would the formation of hydrogen gas and chlorine gas release heat (exothermic) or absorb heat (endothermic)? Use the bond enthalpy chart.

Combustion Reactions P. 336 Oxygen reacts with a substance and releases heat and light P. 336 Q 20 and 21 P. 339 Q Would this reaction release heat or absorb heat? Use the enthalpy chart.

Single Replacement Reactions P. 333

When will reactions take place? The more reactive atom will replace the least reactive one. P. 334 Q 17

Acids and Metals –React with metals to produce H 2 (g) –2HCl (aq) + 2Na (s)  2NaCl (aq) + H 2 (g) –React with metal carbonates to produce CO 2 NaHCO 3 (aq) + HC 2 H 3 O 2 (aq)  H 2 O (l) + CO 2 (g) + NaC 2 H 3 O 2 (aq)

Double Replacement Reaction P. 334 Precipitate Precipitates that are formed are either a solid, gas or water. Water forms when an acid (Contains H + ion) and a base(OH - ion) react with each other

P. 335 Q

Reactions that form precipitates in aqueous solutions. Complete ionic reaction – how it actually exists

Reactions in Aqueous Solutions P. 342 Most reactions are water based Aqueous solutions consist of separate ions 2NaOH(aq) + CuCl 2 (aq)  Cu(OH) 2 (s) + 2NaCl(aq) Write the complete ionic equation:

Net Ionic Equations Spectator ions are eliminated

Predicting the Formation of a Precipitate P. 344 P. 344 Q