Marine Plants to Chordates Outcome: -You will be taking notes to review Marine Plants and to Introduce Chordates and their 4 structures. -You will be rotating to one of the 5 labs to view and draw Amphioxus (a marine chordate). -Others at this time will be answering the lab questions. -Others at this time will be completing a reading on Algal Blooms and answering the questions. -“Time permiting” discuss next few classes.

Drill Draw the Marine Kelp and label the 5 parts.

Types Marine Plants 1.Algae: Brown, Green, and Red 2.Sea Grasses 3.Marsh Grasses 4.Mangrove Trees 5.Marine Kelp (brown algae)

Algae Algae: Brown, Green, and Red – Brown: Attaches itself to rocks (seaweed found along the shore and shallow water) – Green: Contain the same pigments, chlorophyll a&b, as land plants and most are fresh water – Red Algae: Highest diversity of the marine algae, 98%, and are mostly benthic

Sea Grasses – Live completely submerged in marine waters – Require lots of sunlight, so they are found in shallow

Marsh Grasses – Unlike sea grasses, marsh grasses, must be exposed to air by the tide to flourish. – Adapted to surviving in completely saturated soil – Marsh grasses are restricted to the intertidal zone due to the fast they must be exposed to air

Mangrove Trees Mangrove trees – Medium size trees or shrubs – Roots grow up and back down into the water reducing some of the salt intake – Survive in salt water levels that would kill most other plants

Marine Kelp (Brown Algae) Marine Kelp – Type of brown algae – Grows from 10 inches up to 2 feet a day Structure – Blade: absorbs light to photosynthesize – Gas Bubble: helps structure to float – Stipe: Stem like structure, support – Frond: The blade, gas bubble, and stipe together – Holdfast: Root like strutcure that holds the kelp in place

Marine Kelp (Brown Algae)

Classifications Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species For now you will only need to know these three for the fishes Know that when Genus and Species are written that the “genus” is capitalized and the “species” is lower case EXAMPLE: Homo sapiens

Kingdoms Within the living world there are 5 kingdoms – K. Animalia: all animals (including humans) – K. Plantae: all plants – K. Fungi: funguses like mushrooms – K. Protista: protists like amoebas – K. Monera: bacteria like E. coli

Chordates Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata – All chordates possess at one point in life or another: Notochord Hollow dorsal nerve cord Pharyngeal gill slits Post anal tail

Chordates Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata – Hollow Dorsal Nerve Cord: -Hollow cord that is later modified into the brain and spinal nerve cord - Runs dorsal (above) the notochord

Chordates Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata – Notochord: -Flexible rod like structure that would later be replaced by the vertebrae (backbone) - Runs below (ventral) the hollow dorsal nerve cord

Chordates Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata – Pharyngeal Gill Slits: -Longitudinal slits after the mouth region that allow water to pass through and not go into the stomach - In mammals these disappear prior to birth, but in fishes they persist through adulthood.

Chordates Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata – Post Anal Tail: -Muscular region of the body that extends passed the anus - Present in Homo sapiens when in the embryonic stage and in fish during adulthood

Above is Amphioxus, Lancelet, a primative marine chordate. Today you will be viewing amphioxus under the microscope and drawing the image making sure to label the: 1.Nerve Cord 2.Notocord 3.Pharyngeal gill slits Final question of the class: -

Fish Classification Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class: – Agnatha: Jawless Fish EX: Hagfish/Lampreys – Chondrichthyes: Cartilaginous, Jaw Fish EX: Sharks/Rays/Skates/Sawfish – Osteichthyes: Bony, Jaw Fish EX: Coelacanth/ Salmon/Parrot fish/Puffer fish

Class Agnatha HagfishLamprey JawsJawless FinsNo Paired Fins Juvenile lifeMarine water – scavenger Fresh water – Filter feeder Adult lifeMarine water – scavenger Marine water – Parasite Defense MechanismSlime glands

Class Chondrichthyes Sharks Cartilaginous skeletons Fins: Dorsal, Caudal, Pectoral, Pelvic, and Anal Senses: Lateral Line, Ampullae of Lorenzini, and one drop of blood in one million parts water No swim bladders – Nitrogenous livers

Class Chondrichthyes Rays VS Skates Both have cartilaginous skeletons Both have enlarged pectoral/reduced dorsal & pelvic fins Breathing adaptation: Spiracles No swim bladders – Continuously Swim – Rays: Fins flap like wings on a bird – Skates: Fins move like waves Defenses: – Rays: 220V shock and poison barbs on spine tail

Class Osteichthyes Bony Fish Bone skeleton Fins: Dorsal, Caudal, Pectoral, Pelvic, and Anal Senses: Lateral Line Swim bladders Defenses vary widely: inflation to spined tails

Pigments The use of specialized cells in the skin that contain pigment granules, called chromatophores, to blend with their environment, like the flounder or the squid/octopus/cuttlefish.

Countershading Blending in with the open ocean by having a dark green or blue-gray colored dorsal side and a white colored ventral side

Cryptic Colors Coloration or body features that mimic the environment around them, like sea horses.

Poster Colors Bright showy color patterns Show territorial ownership, sexual displays, or to show they are poisonous as

Reproduction Internal – Without direct maternal nourishment Shark egg case (nourishment inside case) – With direct maternal nourishment Pregnant Shark (direct nourishment) External – Lays eggs External to the parent

Hermaphrodites Sequential Hermaphrodites – Protogyny: Females change to Males EX: Parrot Fish – Protandry: Males change to Females EX: Clown Fish Synchronous Hermaphrodites – Functional male and female sex organs Hamlets