Unit 3: Chapter 5 - Cells The smallest functional unit of life.

1. ____________________ – Prokaryotes cells that _____________________ surrounded by __________ ______________________________ no true ___________, but they do have ___________ smaller in size, less complex  ex: bacteria 2. _____________________ – Eukaryotes cells containing _____________________________ surrounded by _______________ ___________________________ these are the cells you are familiar with because ___________________. have _________________; specialized chemical reactions A. Types of Cells

B. Cell Organelles Organelles = “_______________” They are the little “organs” inside the cell that perform the different life functions 1. _____________ = nuclei (plural) round membrane bound structure ____________ for metabolism and reproduction if removed cell dies

a. _________________ = nuclear membrane surrounds the nucleoplasm double membrane – 2 layers inner and outer membranes combine and make nuclear pores b. ___________________ holes in the nucleus that control passage of substances in and out of the nucleus allows the nucleoplasm to remain different from the rest of the cell c. _________________ dense granular structures made of DNA, RNA, and proteins sites of production of _______________ d. _______________ _________ bound to various proteins long thin threads = _____________ = hereditary material of the cells.

2. ________________ ___________ material in the cell substances dissolved in the cytoplasm _______________________________________________ _________________________________________ contains and hold a variety of organelles. Cytoskeleton _____________ = movement of cytoplasm

3. _________________________ system of fluid filled canals enclosed by membranes usually form a continuous network with nucleus ________________________________________________ provides a ____________________ where many chemical reactions can occur divides the cell into compartments so many types of reactions can go on at the same time membrane is similar to cell membrane _________________ appearance; _________ make it rough

4. _______________ small particles ________________________ lots of them in cells

5. ____________________ stacks of _______________ sacs _____________________________________________ Animal cells tend to have one golgi near the nucleus Plants usually have more than one Usually located __________ (made from same membrane) ___________________ outside of the cell ____________ (small bubbles) bind to the cell membrane.

6. ___________________ round, oval shaped organelles ______________________________ site for aerobic _____________________ surrounded by a double membrane inner membrane is highly folded, why? Make ____________________ 300 – 800 a cell contain their own DNA and can replicate themselves.

a.________________________: _____  _____ Makes a High Energy Bond Anaerobic Respiration (_____________) – done without the mitochondria and without ___________. 1. Alcoholic Fermentation _________ + ________  _____ + _______ + _____ 2. Lactic Acid Fermentation _________ + ________  ___________ + _____ Aerobic Respiration ______ + _______ + _____  _____ + ______ + _______ 2 Steps: 1. ________ = one ___________________, occurs in cytoplasm, similar to fermentation. 2. __________________________________ = break down the left overs of the glucose molecule, occurs in the mitochondria, _________ lots of _________

7. ______________________ contain __________ (pigment = catches light) ___________________________ only in _______________

a. Photosynthesis: Conversion of light energy into a useable form for the cell. _____ + _____ + _______  _________ + ______ 2 Steps: 1. Light Dependant Reactions: Catches ______ and produces ____ 2. Calvin Cycle (Dark Reactions): Takes in _____ and makes ______ b. What color light works best for photosynthesis? Worst?

8. _______________ protein tube pairs that are at 90 degrees to each other _____________________ involved in ______________

9. ________ and _____________ _____________ organelles used for ___________ the cell or cleaning the area around it extend from the surface of cells ________________ ____________________________

10. ________________ fluid filled ___________________ plants have vacuoles filled with cell sap, have large single vacuoles; food vacuoles ___________________ = pumps water out of the cell.

11. _________________ sac-like structures contain strong ________________ = ___________ enzymes White blood cells, immune system, have lysosomes that break down bacteria involved when the tadpole loses its tail.

12. ________________ most bacteria and __________ have cell walls located ____________ the membrane gives shape, provides rigidity and __________ in plants composed of __________ has many small openings that allow materials to pass in and out ____________________.

13. ___________________ ____________ membrane _____________________________ - like the skin makes it possible for the inside of the cell to be _________________ than the outside ____________________________ a. Structure two layered structure composed of _________, __________, and carbohydrates ____________________ “____________________” proteins move around within the lipids ________ & _________ proteins

b. maintain homeostasis internal environment remains relatively constant at all times i. pH keep around 7; concentrations of glucose, O 2, CO 2. ii. controls the transport of materials in and out of the cells iii. __________________________ certain types of substances pass through the membrane easier than others, selective. Lipid molecules and molecules that dissolve in lipids, alcohols, chloroform, pass through easily. ________________, water, glucose, amino acids, CO 2, O 2, pass through _______________. _____________, starch and proteins, _____ pass through the membrane. Electrically neutral molecules pass more easily than charge particles. Permeability changes at different times and in different cells.

14. Plant Cells and Animal Cells CentriolesCell Wall & Chloroplasts Large Central Vacuole

1. __________________ movement of molecules from areas of ________________ to areas of ___________________. Molecules move until they reach _______________ C. Processes of the Cell Membrane

a. Diffusion occurs because molecules are always in constant motion. b. Concentration Gradient the difference between _____________________________ the greater the difference the faster diffusion happens c. Move towards _________________ = same all around d. Helps with getting materials ________________________ O 2 and CO 2 move into and out of cells by diffusion e. Diffusion does not require the expenditure of ___________ Diffusion Animation

2. ______________________ occurs because of specialized _______________________ _________ certain materials go across the membrane works in the direction of the concentration gradient ex: glucose from the blood into the cell. Facilitated diffusion animation

3. __________________ - ___________________ across a selectively permeable membrane from a region of high water concentration to a region of low water concentration - concentration of water = amount of water for a given volume - depends on concentration of substances in the water - more things dissolved in the water the less water there is.

a. Effects of Osmosis __________________ same concentration of dissolved substances as the cell no gain or loss of water. ___________________ lower concentration of substances than the cell causes water to flow into the cell can even cause it to burst ____________________ higher concentration of substances than the cell cause water to leave the cell the cell shrivels up plasmolysis = shrinking of the cell. Osmosis animation

4. _______________ a. __________________ diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion are all examples of passive transport movement of materials across the cell membrane without the expenditure of energy. b. ________________ movement of materials across the cell membrane with the ___________________ (ATP) make it possible to go ______ the concentration gradient ________ concentration  ________ concentration endocytosis = transport of materials into the cell by a vacuole. pinocytosis = small amounts of liquid taken in ________________ = small particles taken in ________________ = movement of materials out of the cell by use of a vacuole. Active transport animation Phagocytosis animation