人教课标版 高二必修 5 Unit 1

Warming Up There are some great scientific achievements that have changed the world. Can you name some of them? What kind of role do they play in the field of science? Do these achievements have anything in common? Match the inventions with their inventors below before you answer all these questions.

Alexander Bell electricity Thomas Edison the First telephone Laite Brothers the electric Lamp Madame Curie black holes in Universe Franklin Theory of Gravity Steven Hawking the First Plane Elbert Einstein Radium Isaac Newton the Theory of Relativity

Who is he? He is … Archimedes ( 阿基米德 ) Which scientist discovered that objects in water are lifted up by a force that helps them float?

Charles Darwin. Who is he? He is … Who wrote a book explaining how animals and plants developed as the environment changed?

Thomas Newcomen. Who is he? He is … Who invented the first steam engine?

Gregor Mendel Who is he? He is … Who used peas to show how physical characteristics are passed from parents to their children?

Marie Curie Who is he? He is … Who discovered radium?

Thomas Edison Who is he? He is … Who invented the way of giving electricity to everybody in large cities?

Leonardo da Vinci Who is he? He is … Who was the painter that studied dead bodies to improve his painting of people?

Humphry Davy Who is he? He is … Who invented a lamp to keep miners safe underground?

张衡 Who is he? He is … Who invented the earliest instrument to tell people where earthquakes happened?

Stephen Hawking Who is he? He is … Who put forward a theory about black holes?

Lead-in Supply the following words with detail. John Snow Cholera

John Snow ( ) John Snow was born in York on March 15th, 1813, the oldest of nine children. York London

His father worked as a laborer. While poor, his parents were determined to give their children whatever educational opportunities they could afford. He was educated at a private school in his native city until the age of fourteen, when he was apprenticed( 当学徒 ) to William Hardcastle, a surgeon( 外科医生 ) living at Newcastle-on-Tyne.

After serving for a short time as a surgeon and unqualified assistant during the cholera epidemic of , he became in October 1836 a student at the Hunterian School of medicine in Great Windmill Street, London. He began to attend the medical practice at the Westminster Hospital in the following October.

He graduated M.D. of the University of London on 20 Dec. 1844, and in 1850 he was admitted a licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians.

He designed a chloroform inhaler( 氯仿吸入器 ), described in his book, On Chloroform and other Anesthetics, published in Dr. Snow was also a prominent anesthesiologist( 麻醉师 ) What else was he famous for?

What is Cholera? Cholera is the illness caused by a bacterium called Vibria cholerae. It infects people’s intestines( 肠 ), causing diarrhea( 腹泻 ), vomiting( 呕吐 ) and leg cramps( 小腿抽筋 ).

The most common cause of cholera is by someone eating food or drinking water that has been contaminated with the bacteria.

After a disaster, this is a very real danger, since regular, clean water and food supplies are often unavailable. The disease can be spread even further by infected people using already dirty water sources to clean themselves or dispose of waste.

Cholera can be mild or even without symptoms, a severe case can lead to death without immediate treatment. The diarrhea and vomiting brought on by the infection quickly leaves the body without enough fluid. The following dehydration( 脱水 ) and shock can kill a person within hours.

Look at the picture, the title and the map, guess what the content of the text is. Then skim it quickly to see if you are right.

When we want to solve some problem. First we should find the problem, do some research on it, prove your finding, and then make a conclusion. This is a scientific and objective way of researching. 1. What order would you put the seven in? Pre-reading

draw a conclusion think of a method collect results make a question find a problem analyse the results Find supporting evidence Please put the 7 stages in right order according to the passage.

Infectious diseases can be spread to other people. They have an unknown cause and need public health care to solve them. 2. What do you know about infectious diseases?

Repel ( 回避 ) may be exposed to an infectious diseases, so may animals, such as bird flu. AIDS, SARS are infectious diseases. Infectious diseases are difficult to cure.

Cholera is the illness caused by a bacterium called Varian cholera. If infects people’s intestines( 肠胃 ), causing diarrhea( 腹泻 ), vomiting( 呕 吐 ) and leg cramps ( 小腿抽筋 ). 3. What do you know about cholera?

The most common cause of cholera is by someone eating food or drinking water that has been contaminated( 污染 ) with the bacteria.

Cholera can be mild( 不严重的 ) or even without symptoms( 症状 ), but a severe case can lead to death without immediately treatment.

Germany Great Britain Death of first cholera case in London during the epidemic London Previous cholera epidemic in Great Britain in The spread of cholera

John Snow Defeats “King Cholera”

What is the problem? Cholera was the deadly disease of its day. Neither its cause nor its cure was understood. What’s the cause of cholera?

Make a question: two theories 1. Cholera multiplied in the air. A cloud of dangerous gas floated around until it found its victims. 2. People absorbed it with their meals.

Broad Street Many deaths happened here. No death happened here. The water from the pump was to blame. Public house

Small, white, flocculent particles The water was from the river which had been polluted by the dirty water from London.

Find supporting evidence: What extra evidence did he find? A woman and her daughter who lived far away but drank the water also died. Draw a conclusion with certainty The polluted water carried the virus.

I. Read the text carefully and fill in the blanks. Many people died of cholera. John Snow tried to find out its _____ and ____ People drank water from the pump in ______ Street. Most died. cause cure Broad Comprehending

Families were given free beer in the pub at __________ Street. People removed the ______ from the water pump. People had no ________ The disease ___________ Cambridge deaths handle slowed down

_______ water carried the disease. Theory 2 that people ________ the disease with their meals proved right. And theory 1 was wrong. ________ the source of all the water supplies. Polluted absorbed Examine

II. True (T) or false (F): 1. Cholera would never be controlled even if its cause was found. 2. The disease attacked the body quickly from the stomach and soon the affected person died. 3. John Snow began to collect the information before the disease spread. F T F

4. In two particular streets, 500 people died in 10 days when another outbreak hit London in Deaths of the woman and her daughter were linked to the Broad Street outbreak. 6. Only ordinary people died when cholera broke out. F T F

III. Choose the best answers. 1. What’s the purpose of the text? A. To show us how difficult it was to find a cure for cholera. B. To tell us how John Snow found the cause of cholera and the cure for it. C. To show us how difficult it was to carry out experiments at that time. D. To tell us the way cholera spread and how serious it was.

2. What inspired John Snow according to the first paragraph? A. Being Queen Victoria’s personal physician. B. Finding where cholera happened. C. Helping ordinary people who suffered from cholera.

3. What’s the use of John Snow’s map in his research? A. To help him find the number of dead people. B. To help him not lose his way. C. To help him find the reason of the cholera outbreak.

4. Which of the following is TRUE according to the text? A. John Snow became famous after cholera hit England in the 19th century. B. John Snow began to collect information long before cholera hit England in the 19th century. C. The mother and her daughter mentioned in the text both lived in Broad Street. D. John Snow felt unsure about the cause of cholera after he finished the map.

5. Why was cholera called “King Cholera” in the text? A. Because cholera caused many deaths. B. Because it got its name from Queen Victoria. C. Because cholera was the most deadly disease of its day. D. Because it was defeated with the help of the king.

6. Another title of the text might be ______. A. John Snow and cholera B. The discovery of cholera C. John Snow: a great scientist

What should you do if you're travelling to a country that has a cholera outbreak? Drink only water that you have boiled or treated with chlorine or iodine. Other safe drinks include tea or coffee made with boiled water and carbonated, bottled beverages with no ice.

Eat only food that's been thoroughly cooked and is still hot, or fruit that you've peeled yourself. Avoid undercooked or raw fish and shellfish.

Avoid raw salads and vegetables. Avoid food and drinks from street vendors. "Boil it, cook it, peel it, or forget it." TIPS

Group Discussion 1. John Snow believed Idea 2 was right. How did he finally prove it? John Snow finally proved his idea because he found an outbreak that was clearly related to cholera, collected information and was able to tie cases outside the area to the polluted water.

2. Do you think John Snow would have solved this problem without the map? No. The map helped John Snow organize his ideas. He was able to identify those households that had had many deaths and check their water-drinking habits. He identified those houses that had had no deaths and surveyed their drinking habits. The evidence clearly pointed to the polluted water being the cause.

3. Cholera is a 19th century disease. What disease do you think is similar to cholera today? Two diseases, which are similar today, are SARS and AIDS because they are both serious, have an unknown cause and need public health care to solve them.