Mulit-species Observations from the first 3 HIPPO Campaigns Britton Stephens (NCAR EOL) and HIPPO Science Team

PIs: Harvard, NCAR, Scripps, NOAA Global and seasonal survey of CO 2, O 2, CH 4, CO, N 2 O, H 2, SF 6, COS, CFCs, HCFCs, O 3, H 2 O, CO 2 isotopes, Ar, black carbon, and hydrocarbons NSF / NCAR Gulfstream V 5 campaigns over 4 years Continuous profiling from surface to 10 km and to 15 km twice per flight hippo.ucar.edu (also Facebook, Twitter, YouTube) Canterbury, New ZealandBrooks Range, AlaskaPago Pago, American Samoa

HIPPO_3 Mar/Apr 2010 (same track NB, SB) HIPPO_4 Jun 2011 (NB track via E. Pacific) HIPPO_5 Sep 2011 (NB track NB, SB) ~ 600 vertical profiles; nearly 1000 at HIPPO's conclusion. HIPPO_2 Nov 2009

ModelModel Name 1CSU 2GCTM 3UCB 4UCI 5JMA 6MATCH.CCM3 7MATCH.NCEP 8MATCH.MACCM2 9NIES ANIRE BTM2 CTM3 Continental-scale carbon flux uncertainties are still very large, owing to biases in atmospheric CO 2 transport [Stephens et al., 2007] Tropical Land and Northern Land fluxes plotted versus annual-mean northern- hemisphere vertical CO 2 gradient

April 2010 (HIPPO3) CO 2 Gradients

HIPPO Science Team: Harvard University: S. C. Wofsy, B. C. Daube, R. Jimenez, E. Kort, J. V. Pittman, S. Park, R. Commane, Bin Xiang, G. Santoni; (GEOS-CHEM) D. Jacob, J. Fisher, C. Pickett-Heaps, H. Wang, K. Wecht, Q.-Q. Wang National Center for Atmospheric Research: B. B. Stephens, S. Shertz, P. Romashkin, T. Campos, J. Haggerty, W. A. Cooper, D. Rogers, S. Beaton, R. Lueb NOAA ESRL and CIRES: J. W. Elkins, D. Fahey, R. Gao, F. Moore, S. A. Montzka, J. P. Schwartz, D. Hurst, B. Miller, C. Sweeney, S. Oltmans, D. Nance, E. Hintsa, G. Dutton, L. A. Watts, R. Spackman, K. Rosenlof, E. Ray UCSD/Scripps: R. Keeling, J. Bent Princeton: M. Zondlo, Minghui Diao U. Miami: E. A. Atlas TCCON: Vanessa Sherlock et al. JPL: M. J. Mahoney; (AIRS) M. Chahine, E. Olsen Cooperating modeling groups: ACTM P. Patra, K. Ishijima; GEMS-MACC R. Engelen; TM3/TM5 Sara Mikaloff-Fletcher;

HIPPO Aircraft Instrumentation O 2 :N 2, CO 2, CH 4, CO, N 2 O, other GHGs, CO 2 isotopes, Ar/N 2, COS, halocarbons, solvent gases, marine emission species, many more Whole air sampling: NWAS (NOAA), AWAS (Miami), MEDUSA (NCAR/Scripps) O 3 (1 Hz)‏NOAA GMD O 3 T, P, winds, aerosols, cloud waterMTP, wing stores, etc Black Carbon (1 Hz)‏NOAA SP2 H 2 O (1 Hz)‏Princeton/SWS VCSEL CO, CH 4, N 2 O, CFCs, HCFCs, SF 6, CH 3 Br, CH 3 Cl, H 2, H 2 O NOAA- UCATS, PANTHER GCs (1 per 70 – 200 s) CO (1 Hz)‏NCAR RAF CO O 3 (1 Hz)‏NOAA CSD O 3 CO 2 (1 Hz)‏Harvard OMS CO 2 O 2 :N 2, CO 2 (1 Hz)‏NCAR AO2 CO 2, CH 4, CO, N 2 O (1 Hz)‏Harvard/Aerodyne - QCLS

Species measured by PANTHER and UCATS Fred Moore, Eric Hintsa, Dale Hurst, Jim Elkins PANTHER (6-Channel GC): ECD channels: N 2 O, SF 6, CCl 2 F 2 (CFC-12),) CCl 3 F (CFC-11), and CBrClF 2 (halon-1211) injected every 70 seconds, and H 2, CH 4, CO, CCl 4, CH 3 CCl 3 (methyl chloroform) and PAN (peroxyl acetyl nitrate) injected every 140 seconds. The width of a sample load on an ECD channel is only 3 seconds, allowing this data set to correlate well with other fast measurements. MSD channels: The methyl halides CH 3 I, CH 3 Br, CH 3 Cl, the sulfur compounds COS, CS 2, the hydrochlorofluorocarbons CHClF 2 (HCFC-22), C 2 H 3 Cl 2 F (HCFC-141b), C 2 H 3 ClF 2 (HCFC-142b), and the hydrofluorocarbon C 2 H 2 F 4 (HFC-134a) are injected every 180 seconds with 150 seconds sample load width. This data set correlates with a time average of other fast measurements. UCATS: 2-Channel GC: every 70 s (N 2 O, SF 6 ) or every 140 s (H 2, CH 4, CO) TDL: 10-second average H 2 O Photometer: 1-Hz O 3

Chlorofluorocarbons CFC-11 (CCl 3 F) CFC-12 (CCl 2 F 2 ) CFC-13(CClF 3 ) CFC-113 (CCl 2 FCClF 2 ) CFC-114 (CClF 2 CClF 2 ) CFC-115 (CF 2 ClCF 3 ) Halons CFC-12b1 (Halon 1211,CF 2 ClBr) CFC-13b1 (Halon 1301, CF 3 Br) CFC-114b2 (Halon 2402, C 2 F 4 Br 2 ) Hydrochlorofluorocarbons/Hydrofluorocarbons HCFC-22 (CHF 2 Cl) HCFC-141b (CH 3 CFCl 2 ) HCFC-142b (CH 3 CF 2 Cl) HFC-134a (C 2 H 2 F 4 ) HFC-124 (C 2 HClF 4 ) HFC-123 (C 2 HCl 2 F 3 ) HFC-125 (C 2 HF 5 ) HFC-143a (C 2 H 3 F 3 ) HFC-152a (C 2 H 4 F 2 ) (1,1-difluoroethane) HFC-23 (CHF 3 ) HFC-227ea(C 3 HF 7 )(1,1,1,2,3,3,3-Heptafluoropropane) HFC-365mfc (C 4 H5F 5 ) (1,1,1,3,3-pentafluorobutane) Solvents Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl 4 ) Methyl Chloroform(CH 3 CCl 3 ) Tetrachloroethylene (C 2 Cl 4 ) Methylene Chloride (CH 2 Cl 2 ) Chloroform (CHCl 3 ) Trichloroethylene(C 2 HCl 3 ) 1,2-Dichloroethane (C 2 H4Cl 2 ) Methyl Halides and related Methyl Bromide(CH 3 Br) Methyl Chloride (CH 3 Cl) Methyl Iodide (CH 3 I) Methylene Bromide(CH 2 Br 2 ) CHxBryClz Bromoform (CHBr 3 ) Organic Nitrates Methyl nitrate(CH 3 ONO 2 ) Ethyl nitrate(C 2 H 5 ONO 2 ) Propyl nitrates(C 3 H 7 ONO 2 ) Butyl nitrates (C 4 H 9 ONO 2 ) Pentyl nitrates (C 5 H 11 ONO 2 ) Non-Methane Hydrocarbons Ethane (C 2 H 6 ) Ethyne (C 2 H 2 ) Propane(C 3 H 8 ) Isobutane(C 4 H 10 ) n-Butane (C 4 H 10 ) Isopentane (C 5 H 12 ) n-Pentane (C 5 H 12 ) Isoprene (C 5 H 10 ) Benzene (C 6 H 6 ) Toluene (C 7 H 8 ) C2-Benzenes (C 8 H 10 ) a-Pinene (C 10 H 2 0)/other terpenes Other Methane (CH 4 ) Carbon Monoxide (CO) Nitrous Oxide (N 2 O) Carbonyl Sulfide (COS) Dimethyl Sulfide (C 2 H 6 S) Carbon disulphide (CS 2 ) Methyl-t-butyl ether Methyl Acetate/Ethyl Acetate Acetonitrile 1,2 Dichlorobenzene Perfluorocarbons Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF6) PFC-116 (C 2 F 6 ) PFC-218 (C 3 F 8 ) PFC-318 (C4F 8 )(perfluorocyclobutane) Others CO2 H 2 13CO 2 18OCO Complete List of Chemical Species Monitored by the Whole Air Sampler (WAS) Elliot Atlas, Ben Miller, Steve Montzka

HIPPO 1 Southbound January, 2009

HIPPO 2 Southbound November, 2009

N 2 O CO CH 4 Arctic Pollution Layers - HIPPO 2 November, 2009

NCAR Airborne Oxygen Instrument (AO2) System components:

January 12, 2009 HIPPO Profile at 80 N

January 20, 2009 HIPPO Profile at 65 S Southern Ocean O 2 outgassing

Gravitational fractionation of Ar/N 2 in lower stratosphere

Earth Simulator – ACTM CCSR/NIES/FRCGC AGCM GEOS-CHEM (NASA DAO) Harvard MACC-GEMS ECMWF Air Quality and Air chemistry model TM3 (NIWA), TM5 planned Models with detailed simulations of HIPPO Data Detailed Model results for HIPPO_1: CO2 SF6 C2H6 CO N2O CH4 O3 PAN NOx HCHO BlkC O2 GEOS_C * ACTM MACC , Fcst TM

CH 4 ACTM HIPPO Obs offset 31 ppb sources and vertical and horizontal transport

Jan 2009 Observed ACTM (GEIA)

HIPPO _1 HIPPO _2 HIPPO_3 Jan 2009 Nov 2009 Apr 2010 Central Pacific HIPPO_1 Eastern Pacific model obs

note scale change for GEMS

Profiles over Ocean NH Tropical Troposphere Arctic Boundary Layer Plume at 23N, 10km Plume RF04, 8km

Fluxes: Mean ocean O 2 : Gruber et al., 2001 Seasonal ocean O 2 and N 2 : Garcia and Keeling, 2001 Mean ocean N 2 : Gloor et al., 2001 Seasonal + mean ocean CO 2 : Takahashi et al., 2009 Fossil-fuel CO 2 and O 2 : CDIAC January Mean APO from Climatological fluxes in TM3 HIPPO1 APO Observations per meg Preliminary APO model comparisons for HIPPO1 Atmospheric Potential Oxygen: APO = O *CO 2

Summary and conclusions HIPPO provides a new type of data for CO 2 and GHG studies: global, extremely fine grained, many tracers. Major transport processes are clearly delineated, some not captured well by models—the warm conveyor belt (intense, persistent, ensemble of small scale processes), Arctic Cold Dome, and Antarctic marine PBL are examples. Multiple tracers shine a light into the "Modelers' Closet"—quantitatively confront global models with fine scale data (reaction vs. transport time scales). Source/sink regions are revealed and impacts quantified—N 2 O in the tropics and Antarctic, marine reactive species. The data will be completely public as soon as possible, to encourage their use.

CFC-11Halon-1211 Whole-Air Sampling NWAS / AWAS (E. Atlas, S. Montzka) Mid-Pacific Sample coverage

Methyl chloroform Dichloromethane Ethyne Benzene

Dimethyl SulfideCarbonyl Sulfide Carbon DisulfideMethyl Nitrate

HIPPO _1 HIPPO _2 HIPPO_3 Jan 2009 Nov 2009 April 2010

HIPPO _1 HIPPO _2 HIPPO_3 Jan 2009 Nov 2009 April 2010 Northbound Southbound   

Tropospheric ozone in HIPPO 1, 2 and 3 N/S