Financial Accounting

What accounting is Monetary unit & economic entity assumptions Uses and users of accounting The accounting equation Ethics as a fundamental business concept How business transactions affect the accounting equation GAAP Basic financial statements CHAPTER 1 ACCOUNTING MATTERS! CHAPTER 1 ACCOUNTING MATTERS! STUDY OBJECTIVES After studying this chapter, you should understand:

Accounting is an information system that identifies, records, and communicates the economic events (transactions) of an organization to interested users. STUDY OBJECTIVE 1 WHAT IS ACCOUNTING? STUDY OBJECTIVE 1 WHAT IS ACCOUNTING?

Identification Select economic events (transactions) Recording Record, classify and summarize Accounting Reports SOFTBYTE Annual Report Prepare accounting reports Analyze and interpret for users Communication THE ACCOUNTING PROCESS

STUDY OBJECTIVE 2 USERS AND USES OF ACCOUNTING STUDY OBJECTIVE 2 USERS AND USES OF ACCOUNTING Marketing managers Production supervisors Finance directors Company officers Investors Creditors Tax authorities Regulatory agencies Customers Labor unions Internal Users External Users

QUESTIONS ASKED BY INTERNAL USERS Is cash sufficient to pay bills? What is the cost of manufacturing each unit of product? Can we afford to give employee pay raises this year? Which product line is the most profitable?

Is the company earning satisfactory income? Will the company be able to pay its debts as they come due? How does the company compare in size and profitability with its competitors? What do we do if they catch us? QUESTIONS ASKED BY INTERNAL USERS

STUDY OBJECTIVE 3 ETHICS: A FUNDAMENTAL BUSINESS CONCEPT STUDY OBJECTIVE 3 ETHICS: A FUNDAMENTAL BUSINESS CONCEPT ETHICS: A set of standards by which one’s actions are deemed right or wrong, honest or dishonest.

STUDY OBJECTIVE 3 ETHICS: A FUNDAMENTAL BUSINESS CONCEPT Steps for solving an ethical dilemma: 1.Recognize an ethical situation and the issues involved. 2.Identify the principal elements of the situation 3.Identify alternatives: weigh the impact on stakeholders

STUDY OBJECTIVE 4 GAAP ( Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ) STUDY OBJECTIVE 4 GAAP ( Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ) What is GAAP? A set of standards generally accepted and universally practiced by accountants 1.Indicates how economic events are reported 2.Generated by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) and Securities & Exchange Commission (SEC)

STUDY OBJECTIVE 5 BASIC ACCOUNTING ASSUMPTIONS STUDY OBJECTIVE 5 BASIC ACCOUNTING ASSUMPTIONS MONETARY UNIT ASSUMPTION Only transaction data that can be expressed in terms of money is included in the accounting records. The unit of measure (the dollar in the USA) is assumed to remain constant in value ECONOMIC ENTITY ASSUMPTION An economic entity includes any organization or unit in society. All activities of an entity are kept separate from the activities of its owners and other economic entities.

BUSINESS ENTERPRISES A business owned by one person is generally a proprietorship. A business owned by two or more persons associated as partners is a partnership. A business organized as a separate legal entity under state corporation law and having ownership divided into transferable shares of stock is a corporation.

STUDY OBJECTIVE 6 THE BASIC ACCOUNTING EQUATION STUDY OBJECTIVE 6 THE BASIC ACCOUNTING EQUATION Assets Liabilities Stockholders’ Equity Stockholders’ Equity =+ resources owned by a business claims against those assets owners’ residual claim on total assets

REVIEW QUESTION THE BASIC ACCOUNTING EQUATION REVIEW QUESTION THE BASIC ACCOUNTING EQUATION As of December 31, 2005, Tetrick Company has assets of $3,500 and stockholders’ equity of $2,000. What are the liabilities for Tetrick Company as of December 31, 2005? Answer: $1,500 Assets – Liabilities = Stockholders’ Equity $3,500 = Liabilities + $2,000 Liabilities = $1,500

Stockholders’ equity is equal to total assets minus total liabilities. It is also referred to as residual equity. There are two general categories of stockholders’ equity: STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY PAID-IN CAPITAL and RETAINED EARNINGS

PAID-IN CAPITAL Paid in Capital represents the total amount invested by stockholders in a corporation. Stockholders invest cash or other assets in exchange for common or preferred stock.

Retained earnings represents cumulative profits (or losses) retained in the business over time. Three items make up the balance in retained earnings: RETAINED EARNINGS REVENUESEXPENSESDIVIDENDS

REVENUES Revenues are the gross increases in stockholders’ equity from engaging in business activities entered into for the purpose of earning income. Revenues result from sales of merchandise, performance of services, rental of property, or lending of money. Revenues usually result in an increase in an asset.

EXPENSES Expenses are the decreases in stockholders’ equity that result from operating the business. They are the cost of assets consumed or services used in the process of earning revenue. Examples are: utility expense, rent expense, supplies expense, tax expense, insurance expense, depreciation expense.

DIVIDENDS When a company is successful, it generates Net Income. Dividends: the distribution of cash or other assets to stockholders that are available as a result of Net Income. Dividends are NOT considered an expense of the corporation.

INCREASES & DECREASES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY INCREASES & DECREASES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY Investments by stockholders Revenues Stockholders’ Equity Dividends to stockholders Expenses IncreasesDecreases

REVIEW QUESTION STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY REVIEW QUESTION STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY Rebecca Sherrick, Inc., had a stockholders’ equity balance of $164,000 at the beginning of the period. At the end of the period, the stockholders’ equity balance was $198,000. Assuming no additional investment or distributions During the period, what is the net income for the period? Beginning balance$164,000 Add: investments0 net income ($198,000-$164,000)$34,000 Less: dividends0 Ending balance$198,000

STUDY OBJECTIVE 7 HOW BUSINESS TRANSACTIONS AFFECT THE ACCOUNTING EQUATION STUDY OBJECTIVE 7 HOW BUSINESS TRANSACTIONS AFFECT THE ACCOUNTING EQUATION Every transaction must have a dual effect on the accounting equation. Thus, if an asset is increased, there must be a corresponding: 1.Decrease in another asset, or 2.Increase in a liability, or 3.Increase in stockholders’ equity

TRANSACTION IDENTIFICATION PROCESS Answer telephone Purchase computer Pay rent Is the financial position (assets, liabilities, and stockholders’ equity) of the company changed? YesNoYes Record Don’t Record Record

TRANSACTION ANALYSIS TRANSACTION 1 There is an increase in the asset cash, $15,000, and an equal increase in the equity common stock. Ray and Barbara Neal open Softbyte, Inc., a programming company by investing $15,000 in exchange for common stock

TRANSACTION ANALYSIS TRANSACTION 2 Cash is decreased $7,000, and the asset Equipment is increased $7,000. After transaction #2, total assets =total liabilities + equity. Softbyte purchases computer equipment for $7,000 cash

TRANSACTION ANALYSIS TRANSACTION 3 The asset Supplies is increased $1,600, and the liability Accounts Payable is increased by the same amount. Softbyte purchases for $1,600 of supplies from Acme Supply. The supplies will last several months. Softbyte will pay the bill next month. Softbyte purchases for $1,600 of supplies from Acme Supply. The supplies will last several months. Softbyte will pay the bill next month.

TRANSACTION ANALYSIS TRANSACTION 4 Cash is increased $1,200, and retained earnings is increased $1,200. (Retained earnings is indirectly increased because revenue is increased). Assets=Liabilities+Stockholders Equity AccountsCommon Cash+Supplies+Equipment=Payable+Stock Old Bal.$8,000$1,600$7,000$1,600$15,000 New Bal.$9,200+$1,600+$7,000=$1,600+$16,200 $17,800 (4) +1,200 +1,200 Softbyte receives $1,200 cash from customers, for providing programming services. Retained Earnings

STUDY OBJECTIVE 8 BASIC FINANCIAL STATEMENTS STUDY OBJECTIVE 8 BASIC FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Balance Sheet Income Statement Statement of Cash Flows Statement of Stockholders’ Equity After all transactions for the period are recorded, financial data is summarized (Illustration 1-8), and that summary data is used to generate the basic financial statements

2,750 Net income of $2,750 will be added to retained earnings. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Dividends of $1,300 is deducted from retained earnings. The net change in retained earnings for the period is $1,450.

Cash of $8,050 will be shown in the statement of cash flows. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

$ 8,050 Cash of $8,050 on the balance sheet and statement of cash flows is shown as the final total of the cash column of the Summary of Transactions (Illustration 1-8). FINANCIAL STATEMENTS