BLOOD

Blood Complex mixture of cells, cell fragments, and dissolved biochemicals that transports nutrients, oxygen, wastes, and hormones Complex mixture of cells, cell fragments, and dissolved biochemicals that transports nutrients, oxygen, wastes, and hormones Helps maintain the stability of the interstitial fluid Helps maintain the stability of the interstitial fluid Distributes heat Distributes heat Type of connective tissue whose cells are suspended in liquid Type of connective tissue whose cells are suspended in liquid

Blood Contents Formed elements: Formed elements: Red blood cells Red blood cells White blood cells White blood cells Blood Platelets Blood Platelets About 5.3 quarts (5 L) in average adult About 5.3 quarts (5 L) in average adult 45% cells by volume 45% cells by volume 55% plasma 55% plasma Mixtures of water, amino acids, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, hormones, electrolytes, and cellular wastes. Mixtures of water, amino acids, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, hormones, electrolytes, and cellular wastes.

Red Blood Cells Erythrocytes; biconcave discs Erythrocytes; biconcave discs Transports gases (oxygen) Transports gases (oxygen) Hemoglobin is a protein makes up 1/3 of rbc; carries oxygen Hemoglobin is a protein makes up 1/3 of rbc; carries oxygen The red blood cell count (RBCC) may affect health; increasing the number increases the blood's oxygen- carrying capacity The red blood cell count (RBCC) may affect health; increasing the number increases the blood's oxygen- carrying capacity Erythropoietin is the hormone that controls the rate of rbc formation Erythropoietin is the hormone that controls the rate of rbc formation

White Blood Cells Leukocytes; protect against disease Leukocytes; protect against disease 5 types of wbc 5 types of wbc Neutrophils – phagocytize small particles Neutrophils – phagocytize small particles Eosinophils – kill parasites; phagocyte; inflammation and allergic reaction control Eosinophils – kill parasites; phagocyte; inflammation and allergic reaction control Basophils – release heparin to prevent blood clots and histamines to increase blood flow Basophils – release heparin to prevent blood clots and histamines to increase blood flow Monocytes – phagocyte very large objects Monocytes – phagocyte very large objects Lymphocytes – immunity role; produces antibodies Lymphocytes – immunity role; produces antibodies

Blood Platelets Thrombocytes; not complete cells Thrombocytes; not complete cells Arise from megakaryocytes in red bone marrow Arise from megakaryocytes in red bone marrow Platelet count varies Platelet count varies Helps to close breaks in damaged blood vessels and initiate blood clot formation Helps to close breaks in damaged blood vessels and initiate blood clot formation

Blood Plasma Clear, straw-colored liquid portion of the blood Clear, straw-colored liquid portion of the blood 92% water 92% water Transports nutrients, gases, and vitamins; regulates fluid and electrolyte balance; maintains pH Transports nutrients, gases, and vitamins; regulates fluid and electrolyte balance; maintains pH

Plasma Proteins Albumins Albumins Smallest Smallest Regulate water movement between blood and tissues Regulate water movement between blood and tissues Control blood volume Control blood volume Globulins Globulins Transport of lipids and fat-soluble vitamins; antibodies Transport of lipids and fat-soluble vitamins; antibodies Fibrinogen Fibrinogen Blood coagulation Blood coagulation Largest protein Largest protein

Gases and Nutrients Oxygen and carbon dioxide (most important); dissolved nitrogen Oxygen and carbon dioxide (most important); dissolved nitrogen Amino acids, simple sugars, nucleotides, lipids are absorbed from the digestive tract into the plasma Amino acids, simple sugars, nucleotides, lipids are absorbed from the digestive tract into the plasma Electrolytes that are absorbed include sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, bicarbonate, phosphate, and sulfate ions Electrolytes that are absorbed include sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, bicarbonate, phosphate, and sulfate ions

Hemostasis Stoppage of bleeding Stoppage of bleeding Limit or prevent blood loss: Limit or prevent blood loss: Blood Vessel Spasm – smooth muscles walls contract and may completely close a vessel Blood Vessel Spasm – smooth muscles walls contract and may completely close a vessel Platelet Plug Formation – adhere to collagen and each other forming a plug in the break Platelet Plug Formation – adhere to collagen and each other forming a plug in the break Coagulation – most effective; formation of a blood clot Coagulation – most effective; formation of a blood clot

Blood Coagulation Fibrinogen protein is converted to fibrin and stick to exposed surfaces of damaged blood vessels creating a mesh-work that traps blood cells and platelets Fibrinogen protein is converted to fibrin and stick to exposed surfaces of damaged blood vessels creating a mesh-work that traps blood cells and platelets Serum – clear/yellow liquid remaining after a clot Serum – clear/yellow liquid remaining after a clot Normal blood flow throughout the body prevents formation of blood clots; usually limited to blood standing still Normal blood flow throughout the body prevents formation of blood clots; usually limited to blood standing still Abnormal blood clot in a vessel is a thrombus Abnormal blood clot in a vessel is a thrombus A moving fragment of a thrombus is an embolus A moving fragment of a thrombus is an embolus Atherosclerosis – accummulation of fatty deposits change linings and intiate clotting Atherosclerosis – accummulation of fatty deposits change linings and intiate clotting Vessels supplying a vital organ like the heart (coronary thrombosis) or brain (cerebral thrombosis) kills tissues the vessel serves (infarction) and may be fatal Vessels supplying a vital organ like the heart (coronary thrombosis) or brain (cerebral thrombosis) kills tissues the vessel serves (infarction) and may be fatal

Blood Groups Agglutination is the clumping of red blood cells Agglutination is the clumping of red blood cells Antigens are surface molecules and antibodies can cause agglutination Antigens are surface molecules and antibodies can cause agglutination ABO blood group is based on presence or absence of antigens on red blood cells; antigen A or antigen B, neither, or both ABO blood group is based on presence or absence of antigens on red blood cells; antigen A or antigen B, neither, or both Antigen A only – type A Antigen A only – type A Antigen B only – type B Antigen B only – type B Antigens A and B – type AB Antigens A and B – type AB Neither antigens A or B – type O Neither antigens A or B – type O When an antigen is absent, the body produces antibodies for that antigen. For example, type A blood is missing B antigen, therefore is has anti-B, an antibody for antigen B When an antigen is absent, the body produces antibodies for that antigen. For example, type A blood is missing B antigen, therefore is has anti-B, an antibody for antigen B

Blood Groups Antibodies for A and antigens for A will clump; reason for blood typing before blood transfusions. Antibodies for A and antigens for A will clump; reason for blood typing before blood transfusions. Type AB : universal recipient Type AB : universal recipient Type O: universal donor Type O: universal donor Blood Type of Recipient Preferred blood type of donor type of donor Permissible Blood Type of Donor AA A, O BB B, O ABAB AB, A, B, O OOO

Rh Blood Group Rh factors (antigens) Rh factors (antigens) If Rh antigens are present on the cell, it is Rh-positive If Rh antigens are present on the cell, it is Rh-positive If a cell lacks Rh antigens, it is Rh-negative If a cell lacks Rh antigens, it is Rh-negative The presence or absence is an inherited trait The presence or absence is an inherited trait Only in Rh-negative persons is there a formation of antibodies in response to special stimulation Only in Rh-negative persons is there a formation of antibodies in response to special stimulation If there is a transfusion from Rh+ to an Rh-, the cells will begin producing antibodies and becomes sensitized to Rh+ blood. A second transfusion are likely to agglutinate If there is a transfusion from Rh+ to an Rh-, the cells will begin producing antibodies and becomes sensitized to Rh+ blood. A second transfusion are likely to agglutinate