Q.O.T.D. Q: What does coffee do to your body? Go ask Alice – Columbia University

Chemistry of the cell Biology 11 Chapter 2 Please read pages: 32-42

Life is organic! Organic compounds are Carbon (C) based compounds. Living things (including cells) are composed of the following types of organic compounds:  Carbohydrates  Lipids  Proteins  Nucleic acids

Periodic Table

Hydrogen

Oxygen

Carbon

Carbohydrates Sugars and starches Used for energy (example = glucose) and structural parts of cells (example = cellulose) Contain the following elements:C, H & O Always have a 2:1 ratio of H:O

Monosaccharides Building blocks = monosaccharides examples: glucose, fructose, galactose Monosaccharides are also known as single sugars. Molecular formula = C 6 H 12 O 6

Monosaccharides continued… Structural formula for glucose: Note: the “ring” thing

Disaccharides Disaccharides are double sugars. Molecular formula = C 12 H 22 O 11 Examples:  Maltose = glucose + glucose  Lactose = glucose + galactose  Sucrose = glucose + fructose Notice the “ose” trend???

How do you build a disaccharide? Dehydration synthesis:

Dehydration synthesis Is the building of a larger, more complex compound by the removal of a water molecule from two smaller, less complex compounds. (an anabolic process) A + B  AB + H 2 O

Hydrolysis The reverse process of dehydration synthesis. The breaking down of a larger more complex compound into two smaller less complex compounds by the addition of a water molecule. (a catabolic process) AB + H 2 O  A + B

Biochemistry Video Frozen Frogs

Polysaccharides Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates Examples = cellulose, starch, glycogen and chitin

Exoskeletons are made of chitin!

Lipids Fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids and steroids Contain elements C, H & O Do not dissolve in water!

Uses of Lipids: Long term energy storage  FYI - 1g of lipid contains 2.25X as much energy as 1g of carbohydrate! Cushioning of internal organs Hormones (estrogens, testosterone) Cell membrane (phospholipids)

Lipids Building blocks = glycerol + fatty acids Glycerol Fatty acid

Let’s build a triglyceride!

Saturated vs. Unsaturated

Q: What is ear wax and why is it produced in the human body? A: Ear wax a.k.a. cerumen It is produced by two different types of glands in the ear It is composed of: Skin cells and keratin Fatty acids Alcohol Cholesterol Functions include: Natural cleanser Protects the ear Anti-bacterial / anti-fungal properties  Contains lysozyme and has a low pH

Discussion Questions Compare and contrast dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis. Give some examples of complex carbohydrates. How could a cell get usable energy from starch or glycogen? Explain how and where lipids are formed. What is the difference between a saturated and unsaturated fat?

Nitrogen

ProteiNs Contain elements C, H, O & N (nitrogen!) Examples: feathers, wool, silk, hormones (example = insulin), hemoglobin, enzymes, membrane proteins, pigments…

Amino acids Building blocks of proteins = Amino Acids General formula: R = variable, differs for each of the 20 AA’s

Language of proteins Dipeptides – two amino acids bonded together Polypeptides – long chains of amino acids bonded together Peptide bonds – covalent bonds formed between amino acids (by dehydration synthesis!)

Cystic Fibrosis Cracking the Code of Life

Summary questions How would you be able to identify a carbohydrate, from a lipid, from a protein? Compare and contrast:  carbohydrate & lipid  lipid & protein  carbohydrate & protein

Probe tomorrow… are you ready?! #1 What are the building blocks of carbohydrates, give an example. #2 How / where are polypeptides built? #3 List two functions of lipids. #4 What are the components of a triglyceride?

Q: Why is horseshoe crab blood blue? A: They do not have hemoglobin, they have hemocyanin. Benefits of blue blood – NGM Blood clots in the presence of endotoxins (which are produced by harmful bacteria) Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL) 1 quart of horseshoe crab blood is worth ~$15 000!

Interesting facts about the… Horeshoe crab! 008/01/ oldest-crab.html 008/01/ oldest-crab.html Too cute!!! Horeshoe crab! 008/01/ oldest-crab.html 008/01/ oldest-crab.html Too cute!!!

Cell Chemistry Essay Step One – Do you know the vocabulary?  Use your glossary / chapters 1 & 2 Step Two – Organize the terms  Protein words, lipid words, and carb. words Step Three – Write paragraphs  Don’t just define words… Step Four – Introduction and conclusion  Welcome and wrap up…

Mrs. Cobb’s M&M guilt - rationalized?? Ingredients:  Sucrose (sugar)  Lactose (milk sugar)  Glucose (corn syrup)  Cocoa butter  Carnauba wax  Peanuts Protein Peanut oil