What does this word mean? Bio= Chemistry=

Levels of Organization

Biochemistry Organic Compounds Made of CARBON Found in living/non living things Compounds containing C, H, O and often N, P, & S Inorganic Compounds Found in Non living things

Overview: The Molecules of Life What’s important about carbon: It can combine to form long chains which act as the backbone of large molecules. Carbon needs to bond 4 times to fill it’s outer shell. It can form single, double or triple covalent bonds. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Therefore: Carbon can form straight chains, rings or branched chains. Forming: Macromolecules are large molecules composed of thousands of covalently connected atoms

Parts of a Macromolecule Monomer: the basic building block of a larger molecule. A small relatively simple molecule Polymer: a large molecule made up of repeating units called monomers. How are large molecules synthesized and broken down?

Molecular Structures Polymers are made out of monomers by the chemical process of Dehydration Synthesis

Polymers are broken down into their monomers by…. Hydrolysis

What is happening in the picture above?

Think about where in your body we can find these 1.Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4.Nucleic Acids

ORGANIC MOLECULES ALL CONTAIN A CARBON backbone, and hydrogen and oxygen. Organic MoleculeMade up of … CarbohydrateC, H, O LipidsC, H, O ProteinsC, H, O, N Nucleic AcidsC, H, O, N, P

CARBOHYDRATES Examples - Sugars, starches and cellulose Sources sugar, wheat, rice, corn, potato Used by all organisms for quick ENERGY Used by plants for structure of cell walls = cellulose

Monosaccharide (basic building block) Polysaccharide MONOMER = POLYMER =

GLUCOSE C_H_O _ (fill in blank)

16 Carbohydrates Polysaccharide: Formed of three or more simple sugar units Examples:starch (bread, potatoes)-used as energy storage glycogen (beef muscle)- animal starch stored in liver & muscles cellulose (lettuce, corn)-indigestible in humans-forms cell walls glucoseglucose glucoseglucose glucoseglucose glucoseglucose cellulose

LIPIDS Examples – Fats and Oils Sources - waxes, steroids, butter, cholesterol, animal fats Used by organisms for long term energy storage, protection and insulation Do not mix with water = non-polar

Monomers = glycerol = any 3 fatty acids Polymer = 1 glycerol & 3 fatty acids bonded together Fatty acid 1 Fatty acid 2 Fatty acid 3 Glycerol Fatty acid 1 Fatty acid 2 Fatty acid 3

C H

Lipids - phospholipids 1 Glycerol and 2 Fatty acids Make up cell membranes fatty acids are hydrophobic - water fearing phospho end is hydrophilic - water loving

PROTEINS Examples – meats, nuts and beans Sources – meats, nuts and beans Uses - makes muscle, hair and nails and enzymes Enzyme - a molecule that speeds up or slows down a chemical reaction so that it can occur at body temperature.

Monomer – amino acids (20 different kinds) (basic building blocks) AlanineArginine AsparagineAspartic Acid CysteineGlutamic Acid GlutamineGlycine HistidineIsoleucine LeucineLysine MethioninePhenylalanine ProlineSerine ThreonineTryptophan TyrosineValine

Polymer – a chain of 50 –500 amino acids bonded by a peptide bond (polypeptide) The order of the amino acids determines what protein you will make and what its function will be.

AN R GROUP IS ANY GROUP OF ATOMS – THIS CHANGES THE PROPERTIES OF THE PROTEIN!

If there are between amino acids per protein and 20 different amino acids, how many different kinds of proteins are possible … = TMTC

hemoglobin transports oxygen in the blood lysozymehydrolyzes bacterial cell walls collagen serves as scaffolding for support of tissues and organs, most abundant protein pepsin hydrolyzes dietary protein in the stomach trypsin hydrolyzes dietary protein in the small intestine casein found in milk, supplies amino acids to newborns insulin acts as a signal for the fed state myoglobin stores oxygen in muscle cells ferritin stores iron in the spleen rhodopsin transmits visual signals fibrin forms the insoluble network of blood clots amylase hydrolyzes starch in the mouth thrombin catalyzes the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin antibody binds to a foreign antigen Some Human Proteins…

NUCLEIC ACIDS Examples: DNA and RNA Sources: Nitrogen, sugars, phosphates store & transmit heredity/genetic information -Uses - store & transmit heredity/genetic information - Makes chromosomes (genetic information) Phosphate Sugar Nitrogen base Monomer – Nucleotides

Nucleotide How many nucleotides does this DNA molecule contain? 8 Polymer = a chain of nucleotides bonded together

DNA Nucleotide

FOUR MACROMoleculeS of LIFE POLYMERMONOMER Carbohydrates (Polysaccharides) Monosaccharides (simple sugars) Lipids (e.g. fats)Glycerol and Fatty Acids ProteinAmino Acids Nucleic AcidsNucleotides

NUCLEIC ACIDS direct the cell to produce specific PROTEINS. The CARBOHYDRATES and LIPIDS provide the energy for the cell to make PROTEINS. The PROTEINS your body makes determines your physical traits (hair color, eye color, height...) and body functions (blood clotting, carrying oxygen, digesting food…)

#1 Carbohydrates The monomer is a monosaccharide - a single sugar. The polymer is called a polysaccharide -a string of many monosaccharides. Train Analogy

#2 Proteins Monomers =Amino Acids Polymers =Polypeptides –Polypeptides become Proteins through the process of folding.

ENZYMES ; a special protein Called catalysts. They speed up the rate of reactions. They perform cellular functions.

#3 Lipids Monomers = 3 fatty acids and glycerol

Saturated & Unsaturated Fats Saturated Fats- carbon to carbon single bonds, it is FULL of hydrogens. *solids at room temp Unsaturated Fats- Some double bonds between carbons. Not full to hydrogen. *liquid at room temp

Lipids Polymers of lipids are called fats and oils UnSaturated Saturated

#4 Nucleic Acid Monomers called nucleotides –They will each have: 5 carbon sugar Phosphate Group Base (A,T,C, or G)

Nucleic Acid Polymers are Nucleic Acids There are 2 kinds: Deoxyribonucleic AcidDNA Ribonucleic AcidRNA