Social Studies Unit 4 Chapter 9 section 4 Reconstruction and the New South

The New South Henry W. Grady - different movement than the Bourbon Triumvirates – leading journalist – Brilliant orator – known as “the voice of the New South.” – Lead in the movement to change Georgia – Wrote for the Atlanta Daily Herald – Then transferred to the Atlanta Constitution – Made many speeches in Georgia and across the country especially in northern states. – Painted the south positively – Gave a speech that told about attending a funeral where everything came from the north that was used to bury the man except the corpse and a hole in the ground. – His speech also told of the industrialized south and how things were changing with the african-americans

Henry W. Grady

Education in the New South GA’s constitution of 1868 called for free public education for all children of the state. Dr. Gustavus James Orr is named state school commissioner. His efforts focused on improving state funding for schools and providing equal treatment for African American students. When Orr passed away in 1887, James S. Hook became state school commissioner.

The Three Month School Year It enabled children to both get a public school education And allowed children to work in either the factories or mills. Didn’t require as many teachers The three-month school year was held at different times in different counties Teachers could teach in different counties Restrooms were outdoors Drinking water was in buckets Some schools had a bell, while other teachers hit the door with a stick to call the children to class

Teacher Training Tests were made up for people that wanted to teach A passing grade was 70 Sometimes when a county needed a teacher, the test was minimal and was given between the school officials and the potential teacher. Very few teachers had a college degree. In 1870, Georgia tried to start a “normal school” (teacher- training school). IN 1882, the legislature set aside funds to send 252 teachers to a one-month training institute This was the states first efforts to improve the skills of the teacher.

Education Takes a Giant Step Backward 1877, Georgia limited public education to elementary school Most Georgian’s believed beyond 8 th grade was not useful Teenagers time could be better spent at work Too much schooling might cause teenagers to be dissatisfied with their lot in life and long for a better one. Also called for segregation (from 1877 till 1950) Education for the African-American was second rate

The Development of Industries in Georgia One of the states first industries was textile (woven material) The main manufacturing centers were located along the Fall Line in Augusta, Columbus, and Macon. There major rivers provided water power Woman provided most of the cheap labor Another industry came from Georgia’s rich timberlands These trees were used to rebuild the South and to build new factories, mills, and housing for those who worked in them. The forests also provided the raw materials used to make furniture and the naval stores (turpentine, rosin, tar, and pitch) used in shipbuilding and paper and pulp. Sawmills were also necessary to convert the raw materials into boards. Kaolin (a white clay used in the manufacture of paper and other products) gold, coal, and iron led to a growth in the mining industry. Bauxite, a mineral used in the manufacture of aluminum, increased after an inexpensive way to convert it to metal was developed.

Joel Chandler Harris New South’s most famous authors Georgia born Wrote stories about his southern past that came from slave cabins, cotton fields, and briar patches. Most famous book, “Uncle Remus: His Songs and Sayings.” Based on African folklore Told stores of survival and morals, using animals who tricked those around them. Wrote many editorials' dealing with southern race problems Wrote for the Atlanta Constitution

Story by Joel Chandler Harris Song of the South Song of the South Song of the South Song of the South Song of the South Song of the South Song of the South Song of the South Song of the South Song of the South

Sidney Lanier Was a Poet but was known as being a gifted musician Was captured while running a blockade and placed in a army prison While there, he became ill with tuberculosis Was released after five months. Played flute, taught at Johns Hopkins University One of the most successful poets of the century because of his description of Georgia’s coastal area. Wrote songs “Evening Song”, “The Song of the Chattahoochee,” “The marshes of Glynn,” and “Sunrise” The Reconstruction poems include “Night and Day” and “The Raven Days.”

Poem by Sidney Lanier An Evening Song. Look off, dear Love, across the sallow sands, And mark yon meeting of the sun and sea, How long they kiss in sight of all the lands. Ah! longer, longer, we. Now in the sea's red vintage melts the sun, As Egypt's pearl dissolved in rosy wine, And Cleopatra night drinks all. 'Tis done, Love, lay thine hand in mine. Come forth, sweet stars, and comfort heaven's heart; Glimmer, ye waves, round else unlighted sands. O night! divorce our sun and sky apart Never our lips, our hands.meetingsundrinkswaves

Charles Henry Smith A humorist (someone known to be amusing and to have a quick wit) that wrote for the Atlanta Constitution Noted for the “Bill Arp Letters” Satirical letters that were supposedly written to Bill Arp, a simple Georgia cracker with little education. Writers use satire to make fun of something or someone in order to make changes. While the issues and personalities changed over the years, Smith did not. He continued to make fun of politics, politicians, and businessmen. Most of his work today appears offensive and as a result his work has not lived through future generations.

From the Uncivil War to Date Bill Arp (Charles Henry Smith) 0barprich#page/n5/mode/2up 0barprich#page/n5/mode/2up

The Grange 1866 – a clerk from the Bureau of Agriculture toured the South Found farmers discouraged, tired, and often without money Formed the “Patrons of Husbandry,” which soon came to be known as “The Grange” Grange means a farm and its buildings First formed as a social club As economic conditions worsened “The Grange” became political They put pressure on the state legislature to force the formation of a state department of agriculture Georgia was the first state in the nation to have a government agency concerned entirely with farming.

The Farmers’ Alliance Began as a social organization Formed cooperative buying stores (co-op) Purchased goods and equipment directly from producers which enabled farmers to buy seed, fertilizer, and farm tools at a lower price Alliance fought the federal government on issues that limited the amount of money circulation and measured the money against the value of gold it had. This small group later came to be known as the “Populist” party and supported changes that continue to impact our lives today