Chapter 22 Lecture Outline

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Presentation transcript:

Chapter 22 Lecture Outline Microbes and the Global Environment

Biogeochemical Cycles All living organism elements flow in cycles Rate of cycling varies Biomass vs. organic Environment: atmospheric, land, or ocean Lack of necessary elements limits growth Iron Phosphorus Fixed nitrogen Micronutrients Microbiology: An Evolving Science © 2009 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.

Biogeochemical Cycles Elements move from large sources to sinks Reservoirs provide both Ocean important for carbon, nitrogen Land important for sulfur Oxidation state governs element reactivity Nitrogen gas plentiful, fixed nitrogen rare Measure elements in atmosphere via Chemical reactions Radioactivity measurements Microbiology: An Evolving Science © 2009 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.

Microbiology: An Evolving Science © 2009 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. Carbon Cycle Major reservoir is ocean Atmospheric reservoir is much smaller Aerobic carbon cycling Photosynthesis fixes CO2 into biomass Produces O2 and organic carbon compounds Lithotrophs also reduce CO2 to biomass Respiration returns CO2 to atmosphere Net gain of O2, loss of CO2 in photic zone Microbiology: An Evolving Science © 2009 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.

Microbiology: An Evolving Science © 2009 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. Carbon Cycle Anaerobic carbon cycling Lower cycling rate than aerobic cycles Less iron, and less redox potential than oxygen Subsurface environment Soil, benthos, rock Fermentation, lithotrophic respiration Incomplete breakdown of biomass carbon Formation of peat, oil, gas Microbiology: An Evolving Science © 2009 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.

Microbiology: An Evolving Science © 2009 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. Carbon Cycle Human activity accelerates CO2 release Ocean absorbs most CO2 Increased photosynthesis absorbs CO2 Forests, ocean environments Atmospheric CO2 levels rising Role of newly discovered microbes unclear E.g., annamox bacteria Microbiology: An Evolving Science © 2009 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.

Microbiology: An Evolving Science © 2009 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. Nitrogen Cycle Multiple oxidation states of Nitrogen More than for any other biological molecule Prokaryotes crucial for nitrogen conversion Only natural nitrogen fixers Haber process doubled biological fixation Microbiology: An Evolving Science © 2009 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.

The “Nitrogen Triangle” ATMOSPHERIC N2 DENITRIFICATION FIXATION REDUCED NITROGEN OXIDIZED NITROGEN NITRIFICATION Both reduced and oxidized N used for biomass Microbiology: An Evolving Science © 2009 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.

Nitrogen Cycle—N2 Fixation N2  NH3  NH4+ NH4+ is rapidly assimilated into amino acids Catalyzed by nitrogenase Only works anaerobically Occurs in all ecosystems Klebsiella, Clostridium, Pseudomonas in soil Rhizobium within legumes Cyanobacteria in oceans, freshwater Microbiology: An Evolving Science © 2009 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.

Nitrogen Cycle—Nitrification NH4+  NO2-  NO3- Oxidation of NH4+ provides electrons, energy In soil, one species oxidizes NH4+ to NO2- Nitrosomas 2nd species oxidizes NO2- to NO3- Nitrobacter Excessive fertilizer use causes nitrate runoff Eutrophication of streams Danger to water supplies Microbiology: An Evolving Science © 2009 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.

Nitrogen Cycle—Denitrification NO3-  NO2-  NO  N2O  N2 Dissimilatory nitrate reduction Nitrate is anaerobic electron acceptor N2O (nitrous oxide) buildup if much NO3- present Prevalent in hypoxic ocean waters Greenhouse gas In some environments, NO3-  NH4+ Anaerobic sludge, cow rumen H2 gas available as electron donor Microbiology: An Evolving Science © 2009 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.

Other Geochemical Cycles Sulfur Phosphate Iron and other metals Microbiology: An Evolving Science © 2009 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.

Microbiology: An Evolving Science © 2009 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. Hydrologic Cycle Water precipitates from atmosphere Water vapor evaporates from land, ocean Water flowing over ground picks up nutrients Carbon, nitrogen runoff allows respiration Respiring microbes deplete O2 in water BOD = Biochemical Oxygen Demand High BOD  anoxic runoff  hypoxic coasts  fish die-offs Microbiology: An Evolving Science © 2009 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.

Microbiology: An Evolving Science © 2009 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. Wastewater Treatment Natural treatment Wetlands filter water Slow water passage Bacteria in wetland denitrify water Municipal treatment Reduce nutrients to reduce BOD Allow microbes to grow, digest nutrients Aerate to restore oxygen levels Microbiology: An Evolving Science © 2009 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.

Municipal Wastewater Treatment Preliminary, primary treatments Remove solid debris, sediment Secondary treatment Microbial treatment to eliminate organic content Anaerobic treatment by methanogens Release CH4, recover gas as fuel Aerobic treatment Zooglia, Flavobacterium, Pseudomonas, Nocardia Ciliates, amoebas, nemaotdes, rotifers Possible tertiary treatment to kill pathogens Release into river Microbiology: An Evolving Science © 2009 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.

Microbiology: An Evolving Science © 2009 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. Concept Quiz Carbon is oxidized from biomass to CO2 by the process of Respiration Photosynthesis Lithotrophy Answer: A Microbiology: An Evolving Science © 2009 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.

Microbiology: An Evolving Science © 2009 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. Concept Quiz Nitrification is the process by which N2 gas is converted to NH4+ NH4+ is oxidized to NO3- NO3- is reduced to N2O Answer: B Microbiology: An Evolving Science © 2009 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.