 Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 World of Children 1 st ed Chapter 6 SocioEmotional Development in Infants and Toddlers This multimedia product and its content are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law:  Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network  Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images;  Any rental, lease, or lending of the program

 Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Attachment  Lasting emotional tie between two people that endures across time and space  Infants form attachments with loving consistent caregivers  Most research focuses on mother-child attachment

 Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Psychoanalytic Theories  Structure of personality and how the conscious and unconscious parts of the self influence behavior and development.  Best known theorists Sigmund Freud Erik Erikson

 Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Sigmund Freud The mind consists of three basic components  the id – primitive instincts, completely unconscious  the ego – rational thought  the superego – ethics, morals, conscience Constant state of conflict between the three components

 Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Freud’s 5 Stages of Psychosexual Development Oral Stage Ages 0-2  infant seeks gratification by sucking, biting, babbling  pleasure comes from the mouth

 Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Erik Erikson Psychosocial theory – a revision of Freud’s which focused more on personality development through a series of conflicts – resulting in increased good judgment and good behavior  8 stages that represent 8 major crises  Positive and/or negative experiences in each stage carries on to the next stage.

 Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Basic Trust vs. Mistrust Ages 0-1 (Positive)  responsive caregiving= develops trust with others  develops self- confidence (Negative)  Unresponsive or neglect= mistrust in caregivers and other people

 Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt Ages 2-3 (Positive)  gains independence by walking, talking, toilet training  “Me do it.” (Negative)  independence is stifled or punished  develops sense of shame and guilt about abilities.

 Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Bowlby’s theory  Infants form attachments to increase their chances of survival  Attachment links nurturing adults to dependent newborns  4 stages Orientation without discrimination Orientation with discrimination Safe-base attachment Goal-corrected partnerships

 Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Harlow’s Research  Contact comfort is key element in attachment formation  Contradicted other theories that maintained attachment would be formed with caregiver who provided food

 Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Harlow’s Research

 Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Ainsworth’s Research  Strange Situation test – designed to study attachment in human infants  8 controlled episodes with infant in unfamiliar setting with primary caregiver

 Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Ainsworth’s Research

 Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Ainsworth’s Research  Stranger anxiety – fear of unfamiliar adults  Separation anxiety – distress shown by infant when separated from caregiver Both stranger anxiety and separation anxiety are considered positive – they show that the child has formed an attachment to the caregiver

 Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Ainsworth’s Research  Attachment patterns Secure – distressed when mother leaves, greet mother happily when she returns – 62% Insecure-avoidant – no preference for mother instead of stranger, ignore mother when she returns – 15% Insecure-resistant – wants mother but is not comforted when near her, may resist contact – 8% Insecure-disorganized – inconsistent, confused, calm and then angry – 15%

 Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Influences on Attachment  Parents Responsiveness to child sensitive responsiveness  Infants Special needs  Culture Independence vs. dependence Extended families

 Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Influences on Attachment Fathers Research shows infants are just as likely to form secure attachments with fathers Attachments are consistent from one parent to the other Day Care Time spent in daycare does not jeopardize attachment – unless parenting is already less responsive

 Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Long term impact of secure attachment  Preschool years Happier More competent More popular Less dependent  School – age Higher self esteem and self confidence More friends  Teens Fewer psychological problems

 Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Temperament  Primary pattern of reacting to the environment  Thomas/Chess (1956) *longitudinal research *observed 141 children from 85 NY families *added children: born prematurely, physical, neurological, or intelectual disabilities * based dimensions on detailed interviews w/parents  Classified children on 9 dimensions of temperament

 Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Temperament

 Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Temperament 3 basic patterns  Easy – positive, flexible, adaptable, regular patterns – 40%  Difficult – negative, withdrawing, resists change, irregular patterns – 10%  Slow to warm up – mildly resistant, less intense, more regular – 15% 35% did not fit pattern

 Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 What shapes temperament?  Heredity - inborn tendencies  Environment - support or discouragement from parents and culture Healthy development depends on goodness of fit: how well environment suits child The ways temperament is expressed change over time as child learns to control behavior

 Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Emotion  Attachment is the 1 st emotional relationship infants from with caregivers  Newborns are responsive to certain emotional cues displayed by people around them Emotion contagion: tendency of the emotional cues of one person to generate similar cues or emotional states in other people Newborn cries when he/she hears another newborn cry, recordings of his/her crying, or artificially produced crying sounds.

 Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Emotion

 Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Emotion  Social referencing : infant looking to adults for emotional cues in uncertain situations  Self conscious emotions (15 months) emotions that relate to people’s self- images or what people think of them guilt, embarrassment, shame, pride

 Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Social Interactions Begin as early as 2 months  Mutual gazing  Babbling  Smiling  Touching  Imitating

 Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Social Interactions – 1 st year  Sensorimotor play – involves sensory activity and motor skills grasping mouthing banging/shaking dropping/throwing

 Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Social Interactions – 2nd year  more complex interactions  coordinated imitation taking turns imitating each other taking turns pouring sand from the bucket  repetitive games stacking and toppling blocks chasing, throwing and catching  symbolic play: pretend play, make-believe, use of objects to represent pretending that a block is a car pretending the spoon is an air plane