The Science of Marine Science

Discuss with your group and formulate a definition What is Marine Science? Discuss with your group and formulate a definition

Marine Science Incorporates… Marine biology Oceanography Marine geology Marine chemistry Physical oceanography What do you want to learn this year?

History of Marine Biology Stone Age to present…

Timeline of Marine Science Review the time period on pp. 5-10. Be prepared to explain the significance to the class. Time Event 1768 James Cook (Mrs. Biebesheimer) 1831 Charles Darwin (Table 1) 1840s Edward Forbes (Table 1) 1872 HMS Challenger (Table 2) Stazione Zoologica (Table 3) 1888 Woods Hole Marine Biological Laboratory (Table 4) 1940s SONAR (Table5) SCUBA (Table 6) 1940s to present (Table 6)

Timeline of Marine Science Event 1768 James Cook explores all the oceans and makes scientific observations; first to use the chronometer and create reliable charts 1831 Charles Darwin studies marine life while exploring with HMS Beagle 1840s Edward Forbes dredges the sea floor 1872 HMS Challenger is the first ship used for oceanographic exploration First permanent marine science laboratory opened, Stazione Zoologica in Naples, Italy 1888 Woods Hole Marine Biological Laboratory opens in Massachusetts 1940s SONAR developed (sound navigation ranging) SCUBA equipment developed (self-contained underwater breath in apparatus) 1940s to present Advancements in technology to create submarines, remotely operated vehicles and robots, and underwater laboratories.

Woods Hole , MA

Timeline of Marine Science Homework What events and discoveries did we miss?

What are the steps of the scientific method?

Hypothesis An “educated guess.” Based on specific observations. Must be a statement. Must be stated in a way that allows it to be tested. Must be able to prove the hypothesis “false.”

Arriving at a Hypothesis… Induction vs. Deduction Deduction –a general principle is used to make specific predictions. Example: All fish have gills Therefore: A butterflyfish must have gills. Induction –specific observations are made to arrive at a general principle. Example: All birds have wings. Wings are used for flight. Therefore: All birds can fly.

Limitations of the Scientific Method In science, there are no absolute truths. Rather, a hypothesis is accepted as long as it is supported by available evidence. Hypotheses are continually tested, refined, and sometimes rejected or replaced. Not perfect Subject to human error Cannot make judgments about values, ethics, or morals. Cannot make abstract statements. Reveals the world as it is, not as it should be.

How does water temperature affect mussel growth?

Testing Ideas

Chapter 1 Study Guide The Science of Marine Biology Define marine science. Explain the necessity of multiple fields of science in marine studies. Explain important points in the history of marine science and events that advanced our knowledge of marine environments. Identify major developments in technology that improved our understanding of sea and place them in a logical chorological order. Explain the importance of the scientific method. Determine the difference between induction and deduction Define hypothesis. Explain how a hypothesis is tested and accepted. Understand the difference between a hypothesis and theory. Identify controlled and experimental variables in an experiment. Explain the limitations of the scientific methods.

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Ways of Thinking About the Scientific Method ESSENTIAL THINKING What is happening (will happen)? How can I determine what is happening (will happen)? What happens? Why did it happen? FORMAL SCIENTIFIC TEXT Define the problem. Collect information about the problem. Construct a hypothesis. Design an experimental procedure. Make observations (i.e. conduct the experiment to test the hypothesis). Interpret results - draw a conclusion. Repeat the process. Ways of Thinking About the Scientific Method

The Scientific Method If NO, then If YES, then hypothesis accepted and THEORY may arise. An unanswered QUESTION arises - OR - a PROBLEM exists that requires a solution 1. OBSERVE nature. 2. Make INFERENCES 3. Conduct RESEARCH 4. COLLABORATE with other scientists HYPOTHESIS “educated guess” 1. A possible answer to the question. 2. A possible solution to the problem Must be controlled, repeatable, ethical, EXPERIMENTATION INTERPRETATION Does analysis of the experimental data provide an answer or solution? Will inevitably lead to new questions Prompts scientists to… The Scientific Method If NO, then A. QUESTION is revised B. More observation and research is done C. HYPOTHESIS is revised. D. EXPERIMENT is improved or repeated. HYPOTHESIS An “educated guess.” Based on specific observations. Must be stated in a way that allows it to be tested. Must be able to prove the hypothesis “false.” which may lead to a… Yields data that can be interpreted and peer reviewed … tested using…