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6.4 BUILDING BLOCK of LIFE WHAT YOU’LL LEARN: -4 major groups of biological macromolecules -functions of each group of biological macromolecules

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY -study of organic compounds MAIN IDEA: Organisms are made up of carbon-based molecules ORGANIC CHEMISTRY -study of organic compounds -the compounds that contain carbon = organic PROBLEM/Q: _PROBLEM/Q: _____________________________________________________

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 4 4 50% 4/8 = 1/2 = 50% IDENTIFY # valence electrons in carbon atom.____ DETERMINE: # covalent bonds carbon can form ____ CALCULATE: What % of the outer energy level is full? __________________ EXPLAIN: 4 50% 4/8 = 1/2 = 50% outer energy level holds up to 8 electrons—4 of 8 is 50%

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY -Diversity of life due to many different carbon structures -in the form of: branched molecules straight chain molecules ring molecules

MACROMOLECULES -large molecules formed by… polymers monomers BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES joining smaller organic molecules -repeating units of nearly or identical monomers -linked by series of covalent bonds

BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES CARBOHYDRATES   monosaccharides disaccharides polysaccharides -general formula: -simple sugars -2 ______________________ linked together -longer chains of _____________________________ CALCULATE: If a monosaccharide has 4 carbon atoms, how many hydrogen atoms does it have? ________ CH2O -monosaccharides -carbohydrate molecules 8

BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES LIPIDS   saturated fats unsaturated fats steroids -fats/oils/waxes -single bonds between carbons -no more bonds can form -at least 1 double bond between carbons -can form at least 1 other bond w/hydrogen -cholesterol—starting pt for vitamin D -hormones— important for gender/reproductive functions IDENTIFY the key characteristics of lipids that enables them to keep unwanted substances from penetrating cell membranes. ________________ Non-polar -do not dissolve in water

FATS

BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES PROTEIN STRUCTURES amino acids  -made of small compounds called amino acids -made of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen and sometimes sulfur -20 different amino acids DRAW CONCLUSIONS: What protein function suggests most enzymes are proteins? -speed up chemical reactions

BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES NUCLEIC ACIDS   nucleotides -macromolecules store/transmit genetic info -small units make up nucleic acids -made up of 3 subunits: -nitrogen base -phosphate -ribose sugar DRAW CONCLUSIONS: What group of macromolecules do you think DNA belongs? -nucleic acids

BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES   nucleic acids carbohydrates lipids amino acids DNA -fatty acid tails CH2O nucleotides

BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES  CIRCLE each nucleotide grouping

DATA ANALYSIS/REVIEW TRUE/FALSE 1-Carbon atoms can bond together in straight chains, branched chains or rings. 2-Large molecules containing carbon atoms are called micromolecules. 3-Polymers are molecules made from repeating units of identical organic compounds that are linked together by hydrogen bonds. 4-Carbon is a component of almost all biological substances. 5-Macromolecules can be organized into vitamins, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. TRUE FALSE-macromolecules FALSE- covalent TRUE FALSE- carbohydrates

COOPERATIVE LEARNING LAB GROUP(3-5 students) -working TOGETHER as a cooperative group to COMPLETE TASK -EVERY TEAM MEMBER has a job and participates EQUALLY 1-READ THROUGH EACH TASK (silently or together) 2-DISCUSS (use POSITIVE communication) 3-ANSWER 4-MOVE ON (only when ALL team members understand) QUESTIONS ?’s -each other CLARIFICATION -Asking Mrs. Schlatter for clarification NOT answers. FYI -discussion within COLORED group ONLY

6.4 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY element in the carbohydrate described by the  EVALUATE: the number of molecules of each element in the carbohydrate described by the formula: (CH2O)6 carbon _____ hydrogen _____ oxygen _____ -ratio of C/H/O: _________________ -type of carbohydrates 6 12 6 1:2:1 -monosaccharide

saturated unsaturated BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES  LABEL the diagrams: saturated unsaturated

BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES  LABEL the diagrams:        

 DATA ANALYSIS/REVIEW  LABEL the diagrams:        

DATA ANALYSIS/REVIEW DATA ANALYSIS 1-IDENTIFY the INDEPENDENT VARIABLE 2-IDENTIFY the DEPENDENT VARIABLE 3-DESCRIBE the effects soluble fiber appears to have on cholesterol levels in the blood. diet cholesterol levels -lowers cholesterol levels -lowers male levels more than females

6.4 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY LAB SUPPLIES: -hot plate -test tube tongs -beakers 50mL 250mL 600mL -3 test tubes -2 plastic cups TEST INDICATORS -biuret solution--protein -benedicts solution--sugar -*iodine--starch -paper sack--lipids -*place iodine on petri dish outside of tray—will stain skin/clothes/plastic

6.4 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY LAB LAB: MURDER and a MEAL Pre-LAB TESTS: 1-LIPID: 1 drop of oil on paper sack 2-CARB/SUGAR: corn starch in benedict solution/heat 3-CARB/STARCH: iodine on cracker 4-PROTEIN: biuret solution on egg white paper towel test tube plastic cup small 50 mL beaker

6.4 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY LAB LAB: MURDER and a MEAL LAB TESTS: unknown stomach contents 1-LIPID: paper sack 2-CARB/SUGAR: benedict solution/heat 3-CARB/STARCH: iodine 4-PROTEIN: biuret solution paper towel test tube plastic cup small 50 mL beaker

6.4 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY LAB CLEAN UP: -turn off hot plates -dump all food in trash -wash all equipment/return to lab trays -use test tube brush to clean test tubes -leave iodine on petri dish outside of tray SUPPLIES: -hot plate -test tube tongs -beakers 50mL 250mL 600mL -3 test tubes -2 plastic cups -lids on TEST INDICATORS/return to lab trays -biuret solution--protein -benedicts solution--sugar -*iodine--starch -paper sack--lipids -*place iodine on petri dish outside of tray—will stain skin/clothes/plastic