Unrest in China, Southeast Asia, and India Section III: Pages This section is about: This section is about: How nationalism in China grew into a struggle between Communists and non- Communists. How nationalism in China grew into a struggle between Communists and non- Communists. The beginnings of the struggle for independence in Southeast Asia. The beginnings of the struggle for independence in Southeast Asia. The struggles and successes of the nationalist movement in India. The struggles and successes of the nationalist movement in India.

We haven’t been in Asia for quite a while. We haven’t been in Asia for quite a while. But, it’s important that we look at some event there to help us with what’s coming up soon (?) in our book. But, it’s important that we look at some event there to help us with what’s coming up soon (?) in our book. One of the more interesting people in history is on page 653. One of the more interesting people in history is on page 653. Look at the Main Ideas on page 648. Look at the Main Ideas on page 648.

China Europe wasn’t the only country with troubles in the 1920’s -Asia had some issues, too. Europe wasn’t the only country with troubles in the 1920’s -Asia had some issues, too. India had been a British colony since the 1800’s. India had been a British colony since the 1800’s. Much of Southeast Asia was under French rule. Much of Southeast Asia was under French rule. China was independent, but other countries were interested in them. China was independent, but other countries were interested in them. …………….. ……………..

Imperialism and the May 4 th Movement Some countries took advantage of China being a weak country in the early 1900’s. Some countries took advantage of China being a weak country in the early 1900’s. Many had “sphere’s of influence” in China, with their soldiers and merchants controlling certain markets – and always trying to get just a little more. Many had “sphere’s of influence” in China, with their soldiers and merchants controlling certain markets – and always trying to get just a little more. Japan was one of the most aggressive of these nations (especially while WWI was going on in Europe). Japan was one of the most aggressive of these nations (especially while WWI was going on in Europe). Japan wanted to make China a “protectorate” – with tributes and all that. Japan wanted to make China a “protectorate” – with tributes and all that. ………………… …………………

In the Treaty of Versailles, Japan was given Germany’s colonies in Asia – and the German “sphere of influence” in China. In the Treaty of Versailles, Japan was given Germany’s colonies in Asia – and the German “sphere of influence” in China. Chinese people were furious. Chinese people were furious. Students began to boycott the Japanese – and Japanese goods (starting in Beijing, but spreading). Students began to boycott the Japanese – and Japanese goods (starting in Beijing, but spreading). These protests were called the May 4 th Movement. These protests were called the May 4 th Movement. Leaders of this movement wanted to strengthen China. Leaders of this movement wanted to strengthen China. Many of the leaders had been educated in the West. Many of the leaders had been educated in the West. Some believed that Western ideas could best help China’s problems – through science and political ideas (democracy)/ Some believed that Western ideas could best help China’s problems – through science and political ideas (democracy)/ Others turned to and favored communism. Others turned to and favored communism. Two “political parties” began developing in China. Two “political parties” began developing in China.

Nationalists and Communists in China Sun Yat-sen: Led the Nationalist Party. Led the Nationalist Party. Wanted to build an army to conquer warlords and unify China. Wanted to build an army to conquer warlords and unify China. Wanted help from the west (only the Soviet Union helped him – they sent “experts” to arm and train the Chinese). Wanted help from the west (only the Soviet Union helped him – they sent “experts” to arm and train the Chinese). When Sun died, Jiang Jieshi (Chang Kai Shek) took over and it looked like he and the communists would keep working together. When Sun died, Jiang Jieshi (Chang Kai Shek) took over and it looked like he and the communists would keep working together. But he eventually broke from the communists, had some horrible fighting, and chased the communists to the countryside. But he eventually broke from the communists, had some horrible fighting, and chased the communists to the countryside. Mao Zedong: Was one of the communists who survived the conflict. Was one of the communists who survived the conflict. He believed communists should look for help from the Chinese peasant farmers. He believed communists should look for help from the Chinese peasant farmers. He started a revolt, was unsuccessful, and retreated to the countryside, again to help and work with the peasants. He started a revolt, was unsuccessful, and retreated to the countryside, again to help and work with the peasants.

The Long March Jiang kept looking for a way to destroy the communists. Jiang kept looking for a way to destroy the communists. At that time, Mao Zedong began a Long March to the north. At that time, Mao Zedong began a Long March to the north. Out of 100,000 followers, only a few thousand survived the 6000 mile march. Out of 100,000 followers, only a few thousand survived the 6000 mile march. ……………………. …………………….

Mao Zedong became the supreme leader of the communists during the march. Mao Zedong became the supreme leader of the communists during the march. He imposed discipline on his followers. He imposed discipline on his followers. He required them to pay for anything they got from the peasants. He required them to pay for anything they got from the peasants. The soldiers were careful with the land they passed through. The soldiers were careful with the land they passed through. So many peasants were happy with the way Mao Zedong respected them, they came to his “side. So many peasants were happy with the way Mao Zedong respected them, they came to his “side. ………………… …………………

But at the same time, the Japanese were going to try to take advantage of China’s weakness. But at the same time, the Japanese were going to try to take advantage of China’s weakness. They invaded Manchuria (in Northeast China). They invaded Manchuria (in Northeast China). Before they could settle their own power struggle, the Nationalists and the Communists had to work together to get rid of the Japanese. Before they could settle their own power struggle, the Nationalists and the Communists had to work together to get rid of the Japanese.

Southeast Asia / French Rule in Southeast Asia France called their lands (Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos) in Southeast Asia “Indochina.” France called their lands (Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos) in Southeast Asia “Indochina.” They allowed the kings of all these lands to stay in place – even though a “governor- general” was really in charge. They allowed the kings of all these lands to stay in place – even though a “governor- general” was really in charge. France made a lot of money on rice and rubber (even though the workers were paid little and taxed heavily). France made a lot of money on rice and rubber (even though the workers were paid little and taxed heavily). The French did try to educate these peoples (especially in the French ways). The French did try to educate these peoples (especially in the French ways).

Nationalist Movements The educated in Southeast Asia were also influenced by western ideas. The educated in Southeast Asia were also influenced by western ideas. These included civil rights, self- determination, and the right of people to choose their own government. These included civil rights, self- determination, and the right of people to choose their own government. In 1919, Ho Chi Minh demanded self- rule for Vietnam. In 1919, Ho Chi Minh demanded self- rule for Vietnam. He was ignored and the Vietnamese Nationalist movement grew even stronger. He was ignored and the Vietnamese Nationalist movement grew even stronger. By 1905, they had become communist and were growing stronger. By 1905, they had become communist and were growing stronger. But in the 1930’s, the French had enough, and savagely out down some uprisings. But in the 1930’s, the French had enough, and savagely out down some uprisings. Those left were driven “underground.” Those left were driven “underground.”

India India India had been a British colony for 50+ years when WWI started. India had been a British colony for 50+ years when WWI started. India actually gave money and 1.5 million soldiers to the British to help fight WWI. India actually gave money and 1.5 million soldiers to the British to help fight WWI. One thing they learned while there: ideas of liberty and self- determination. One thing they learned while there: ideas of liberty and self- determination.

The Struggle for Independence Nationalists were mad they had soldiers fighting, while they had no self-government at home. Nationalists were mad they had soldiers fighting, while they had no self-government at home. In a protest at Amritsar, the British actually opened fire on the Indian crowd – killing 4000 and wounding In a protest at Amritsar, the British actually opened fire on the Indian crowd – killing 4000 and wounding Now, the Indians were going to REALLY call for self-rule. Now, the Indians were going to REALLY call for self-rule. Mohandas Gandhi emerged as a leader of India at this time. Mohandas Gandhi emerged as a leader of India at this time. He had been a lawyer in England and then in South Africa – where he had fought to end discrimination. He had been a lawyer in England and then in South Africa – where he had fought to end discrimination. He devoted his life to India’s struggle for independence from the British. He devoted his life to India’s struggle for independence from the British.

Mohandas Gandhi and the Struggle for Independence Gandhi believed independence could be achieved through satyagraha (truth force). Gandhi believed independence could be achieved through satyagraha (truth force). His ideas were based on civil disobedience (peaceful resistance). His ideas were based on civil disobedience (peaceful resistance). He urged the Indian people to resist the British in any way they could – but NEVER to use violence. He urged the Indian people to resist the British in any way they could – but NEVER to use violence. Gandhi also resisted the British – and set out to destroy the British monopoly on salt (easily gotten from the ocean). Gandhi also resisted the British – and set out to destroy the British monopoly on salt (easily gotten from the ocean). Local people were forbidden to even touch it – so Gandhi began a “march to the sea to make salt.” Local people were forbidden to even touch it – so Gandhi began a “march to the sea to make salt.” ………………………… …………………………

Gandhi broke the salt law, was arrested (one of several times). Gandhi broke the salt law, was arrested (one of several times). Others supported Gandhi by making their own salt. Others supported Gandhi by making their own salt. The British were forced to put tens of thousands of Indians in jail. The British were forced to put tens of thousands of Indians in jail. By the 1930’s, Britain was having so many problems with India, they began to give them a few rights. By the 1930’s, Britain was having so many problems with India, they began to give them a few rights. But it wasn’t enough to make Indians (and Gandhi) happy – they insisted on complete self- rule. But it wasn’t enough to make Indians (and Gandhi) happy – they insisted on complete self- rule.

A Separate Muslim State One of the problems though was that there were two main religions in India – Hindu and Muslim. One of the problems though was that there were two main religions in India – Hindu and Muslim. What kind of a country would India be if Britain left? What kind of a country would India be if Britain left? Gandhi was a spokesperson for India (he was born a Hindu). Gandhi was a spokesperson for India (he was born a Hindu). Muhammad Jinnah became a spokesperson for the Muslims. Muhammad Jinnah became a spokesperson for the Muslims. The solution was to divide up India into 2 parts. The solution was to divide up India into 2 parts. India would be a Hindu country. India would be a Hindu country. Muslims would now live in the part of India that was going to be called Pakistan. Muslims would now live in the part of India that was going to be called Pakistan.