A Peace to End all Peace The Final Results of WWI

Paris Peace Conference Huge Meeting Thousands of representatives from hundreds of areas came seeking something Problems Conflicting goals of groups Idealistic expectations Desire for revenge among families of those killed Huge Meeting Thousands of representatives from hundreds of areas came seeking something Problems Conflicting goals of groups Idealistic expectations Desire for revenge among families of those killed

Allied Leaders - “Big 3” David Lloyd George (British Empire) Preserve the British Empire Georges Clemenceau (France) Permanently cripple Germany Woodrow Wilson (U.S.) Nationalistic “self- determination” League of Nations David Lloyd George (British Empire) Preserve the British Empire Georges Clemenceau (France) Permanently cripple Germany Woodrow Wilson (U.S.) Nationalistic “self- determination” League of Nations

Germany Territorial Losses German territory given to new countries Reparations Germany must make annual payments of millions of dollars to France and Britain War Guilt Clause Germany was forced to admit total responsibility for the outbreak of war Significance Anger and financial misery caused by treatment from Allies is a major factor leading to WWII Territorial Losses German territory given to new countries Reparations Germany must make annual payments of millions of dollars to France and Britain War Guilt Clause Germany was forced to admit total responsibility for the outbreak of war Significance Anger and financial misery caused by treatment from Allies is a major factor leading to WWII

Eastern Europe Partition of Eastern Europe Austria-Hungary demolished, and many new countries created based on self- determination Significance Borders can not be drawn to perfectly match ethnic divisions, leading to future conflicts New states are small and inherently weak, leading to potential domination Partition of Eastern Europe Austria-Hungary demolished, and many new countries created based on self- determination Significance Borders can not be drawn to perfectly match ethnic divisions, leading to future conflicts New states are small and inherently weak, leading to potential domination

Middle East Mandates Former Ottoman lands divided into territories under European supervision (some colonies, others puppet monarchies) Problems Borders drawn without knowledge of local politics (Iraq) Nationalism: Local groups angry at European powers for not granting full independence Zionist Issue (Palestine) Mandates Former Ottoman lands divided into territories under European supervision (some colonies, others puppet monarchies) Problems Borders drawn without knowledge of local politics (Iraq) Nationalism: Local groups angry at European powers for not granting full independence Zionist Issue (Palestine)

South Asia India British leaders promise more freedoms during the war in exchange for continued support Rowlatt Act After the war, British pass law curtailing Indian civil liberties Significance The failure of the British to make moderate reforms provides a fresh spark to the Indian nationalist movement (and creates a new celebrity) India British leaders promise more freedoms during the war in exchange for continued support Rowlatt Act After the war, British pass law curtailing Indian civil liberties Significance The failure of the British to make moderate reforms provides a fresh spark to the Indian nationalist movement (and creates a new celebrity)

Africa Colonies Like India, Africans had been promised better treatment in exchange for war support, only to find those promises hollow Significance Nationalism: Like in India, a nationalist movements in various colonies led by Western educated individuals developed (Example: National Congress of British West Africa) Colonies Like India, Africans had been promised better treatment in exchange for war support, only to find those promises hollow Significance Nationalism: Like in India, a nationalist movements in various colonies led by Western educated individuals developed (Example: National Congress of British West Africa)

East Asia Japan Western powers refuse to include a racial equality clause requested by Japanese delegation Significance Japan, already on dicey relations with the West, becomes openly hostile China Japan receives German territories in China Significance Feeling of betrayal by the Allies gives a spark to the Communist (Marxist) movement in China Japan Western powers refuse to include a racial equality clause requested by Japanese delegation Significance Japan, already on dicey relations with the West, becomes openly hostile China Japan receives German territories in China Significance Feeling of betrayal by the Allies gives a spark to the Communist (Marxist) movement in China

Russia Soviet Union Not permitted at conference, Bolshevik government (“Red Russians”) not recognized by Great Powers, still fighting a civil war with less radical groups (“White Russians”) supported by the West Hostility towards Bolsheviks for pulling Russia out of the war and their promotion of radical revolution among socialist groups in the West Significance Mutual hostility between Soviet Russia and the West a major feature of life between the wars (more on this later) Soviet Union Not permitted at conference, Bolshevik government (“Red Russians”) not recognized by Great Powers, still fighting a civil war with less radical groups (“White Russians”) supported by the West Hostility towards Bolsheviks for pulling Russia out of the war and their promotion of radical revolution among socialist groups in the West Significance Mutual hostility between Soviet Russia and the West a major feature of life between the wars (more on this later)

America United States Congress fails to ratify Treaty of Versailles due to partisan disagreements America does not join League of Nations Significance Organization missing the world’s newest “superpower” lacks the power and authority necessary to enforce the peace United States Congress fails to ratify Treaty of Versailles due to partisan disagreements America does not join League of Nations Significance Organization missing the world’s newest “superpower” lacks the power and authority necessary to enforce the peace

Coach Lerch’s Final Thoughts The failure to achieve a satisfactory peace at the end of this global conflict led to long term political issues in all of the major regions and spawned a resumption of hostilities within 20 short years