Excel Worksheet # 5 Class Agenda Formulas & Functions Logical Statements Charts (Graphs) Worksheet # 5

Introduction to Formulas Starting a Formula Always begin a formula with the equal (=) sign. Arithmetic Operators + addition / division - subtraction % percent * multiplication ^ exponent

Introduction to Formulas Order of Calculations 1) percentages; 2) exponents; 3) multiplication & division; 4) addition & subtraction. Calculations inside parentheses ( ) will always be performed first. Cell References Use cell references (e.g. A1) in the formula instead of actual data so that your calculation is automatically updated when you change a number used in the formula.

Introduction to Formulas Errors in Formulas ##### Appears when a column is not wide enough to display the result of a calculation. #DIV/0! Occurs when trying to divide a number by zero in a formula. Blank cells are considered to contain a value of zero. #NAME? Indicates the formula contains a cell reference that is not recognized by Excel. #REF! Indicates that the formula refers to an invalid cell.

Introduction to Formulas Errors in Formulas (continued) #VALUE! Indicates that the formula refers to a cell with data that cannot be used in a calculation (e.g. non-numerical data). #N/A Formula is referring to a value that is not available. #NULL! Formula is referring to an intersection of cells that do not intersect. May occur if there is a space between two cell references instead of a colon or comma.

Introduction to Functions Always begin a function with the equal sign. Excel uses the data enclosed in the parentheses ( ) to calculate a function. To specify individual cells: use commas to separate the cell references. =SUM(A1,A2,A3) To specify a group of cells: use a colon in between the first and last cell reference. =SUM(A1:A3)

Enter a Formula Type in formula bar with ‘=‘ to begin formula Entering Formulas Enter a Formula Type in formula bar with ‘=‘ to begin formula To edit a formula, click on cell that contains formula you want to edit

Entering Functions Enter a Function Button or insert/function & follow instructions

Common Statistical Functions: Entering Functions Common Statistical Functions: COUNT MAX MIN AVERAGE MODE MEDIAN STDEV

Entering Functions Common Math & Trig Functions POWER PRODUCT ROUND SQRT

Adding Numbers Using the Sum Button Drop down menu also included Ave, Count, Max, Min Can quickly sum using bottom panel

Logical Statements “If” Statements: Click on the “Paste Function” button. Select the “Logical” category. Select “If”. Enter the logical statement (e.g. A1<0). Enter the value if the logical statement is true (e.g. “Negative Correlation”). Enter the value if the logical statement is false (e.g. “Positive Correlation”). Click “OK” to confirm.

Copying a Formula or Function Relative Reference Copying A type of cell reference used to indicate a relative position in the worksheet. It allows you to copy and move formulas from one area to another of the same dimensions. Excel automatically changes the column and row numbers to reflect the new position. IN SHORT - The cell references change when you copy the formula. Standard copying with no adjustments to the formula.

Copying a Formula or Function Absolute Reference Copying A cell reference that contains a dollar sign before the column letter and/or row to indicate the absolute, or fixed, contents of specific cells. For example, the formula $A$1+$B$1 calculates only the sum of these specific cells no matter where the formula is copied in the workbook. IN SHORT- The cell references do not change when you copy the formula. Requires the use of $ in the formula prior to copying.

Creating a Chart Chart Types XY Scatter Line Column “Connect the Dots” Linear regression Line Column

Creating a Chart (continued) Chart Options (follow chart wizard and use category tabs to customize chart) Titles Chart Title. X Axis Value. Y Axis Value. Axes Show/hide values on the X axis. Show/hide values on the Y axis.

Creating a Chart (continued) Chart Options Gridlines Major and Minor Legend Show/hide legend. Placement of legend. Data Labels Show/hide values or labels.

Editing a Chart Double-click on the section of the graph you want to edit (e.g. chart title). OR Select the chart (left-click) and click the chart wizard button to edit the original options.

Editing a Chart (continued) Using the Toolbar Click on the arrow on the “Chart Type” button to change the chart type. Click the “Legend” button to turn the legend off and on. Use the “Angle Text” buttons to angle the selected text upward or downward.

Editing a Chart (continued) Common Editing Tasks: Changing the font details. Adding borders. Adding patterns and backgrounds. Creating fill effects. Changing the alignment. Altering the scales.

Chart Basics Deleting/Moving/Resizing a Chart

Formatting Worksheets Short-cuts: Change Cell Colour Change Font Colour Increase or Decrease Font Size

Formatting Worksheets Short-Cuts: Copy Formatting AutoFormat

Formatting Worksheets Change Column Width & Row Height Change Appearance of Data (Subscript & Superscript)

Formatting Worksheets Format Numbers Currency Percent Add Decimal Place Remove Decimal Place Date Fraction Scientific Notation

Formatting Worksheets Format Numbers Custom: Use #”cm” to add the unit cm to the end of any number that is typed in the cell(s) you are formatting. You may insert any unit or text in place of cm. See tips box for custom format instructions.

Formatting Worksheets Change Alignment of Data See the tips box for: Vertically centering text in cells. Wrapping text in a cell. Rotating data in a cell.

Printing Worksheets Change Margins Change Print Options Add Borders (Show/Hide Gridlines) Add Borders Format / cells

Add a Header or Footer Change text alignment Printing Worksheets Print / Setup / Header & Footer Change text alignment Format cells / alignment Page 1 of 3 Sept. 24, 2001